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      Toward Sustainable Environmental Quality: Priority Research Questions for North America

      review-article
      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 2 , 15 , 16 , 2 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 12 , 23 , 9 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 13 , 33 ,
      Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
      John Wiley and Sons Inc.
      Global megatrends, Environmental chemistry, Environmental toxicology, Environmental hazard/risk assessment, Sustainability, Emerging concerns

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          Abstract

          Anticipating, identifying, and prioritizing strategic needs represent essential activities by research organizations. Decided benefits emerge when these pursuits engage globally important environment and health goals, including the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. To this end, horizon scanning efforts can facilitate identification of specific research needs to address grand challenges. We report and discuss 40 priority research questions following engagement of scientists and engineers in North America. These timely questions identify the importance of stimulating innovation and developing new methods, tools, and concepts in environmental chemistry and toxicology to improve assessment and management of chemical contaminants and other diverse environmental stressors. Grand challenges to achieving sustainable management of the environment are becoming increasingly complex and structured by global megatrends, which collectively challenge existing sustainable environmental quality efforts. Transdisciplinary, systems‐based approaches will be required to define and avoid adverse biological effects across temporal and spatial gradients. Similarly, coordinated research activities among organizations within and among countries are necessary to address the priority research needs reported here. Acquiring answers to these 40 research questions will not be trivial, but doing so promises to advance sustainable environmental quality in the 21st century. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1606–1624. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

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          Most cited references136

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          Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems.

          In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate change are associated with concurrent shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen content, and ocean acidification, with potentially wide-ranging biological effects. Population-level shifts are occurring because of physiological intolerance to new environments, altered dispersal patterns, and changes in species interactions. Together with local climate-driven invasion and extinction, these processes result in altered community structure and diversity, including possible emergence of novel ecosystems. Impacts are particularly striking for the poles and the tropics, because of the sensitivity of polar ecosystems to sea-ice retreat and poleward species migrations as well as the sensitivity of coral-algal symbiosis to minor increases in temperature. Midlatitude upwelling systems, like the California Current, exhibit strong linkages between climate and species distributions, phenology, and demography. Aggregated effects may modify energy and material flows as well as biogeochemical cycles, eventually impacting the overall ecosystem functioning and services upon which people and societies depend.
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            Adverse outcome pathways: a conceptual framework to support ecotoxicology research and risk assessment.

            Ecological risk assessors face increasing demands to assess more chemicals, with greater speed and accuracy, and to do so using fewer resources and experimental animals. New approaches in biological and computational sciences may be able to generate mechanistic information that could help in meeting these challenges. However, to use mechanistic data to support chemical assessments, there is a need for effective translation of this information into endpoints meaningful to ecological risk-effects on survival, development, and reproduction in individual organisms and, by extension, impacts on populations. Here we discuss a framework designed for this purpose, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP). An AOP is a conceptual construct that portrays existing knowledge concerning the linkage between a direct molecular initiating event and an adverse outcome at a biological level of organization relevant to risk assessment. The practical utility of AOPs for ecological risk assessment of chemicals is illustrated using five case examples. The examples demonstrate how the AOP concept can focus toxicity testing in terms of species and endpoint selection, enhance across-chemical extrapolation, and support prediction of mixture effects. The examples also show how AOPs facilitate use of molecular or biochemical endpoints (sometimes referred to as biomarkers) for forecasting chemical impacts on individuals and populations. In the concluding sections of the paper, we discuss how AOPs can help to guide research that supports chemical risk assessments and advocate for the incorporation of this approach into a broader systems biology framework.
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              Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bryan_Brooks@Baylor.edu
                Journal
                Environ Toxicol Chem
                Environ. Toxicol. Chem
                10.1002/(ISSN)1552-8618
                ETC
                Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0730-7268
                1552-8618
                30 July 2019
                August 2019
                : 38
                : 8 ( doiID: 10.1002/etc.v38.8 )
                : 1606-1624
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Exponent, Seattle Washington USA
                [ 2 ] Aquatic Contaminants Research Division Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington ON Canada
                [ 3 ] School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario Canada
                [ 4 ] US Environmental Protection Agency Duluth, Minnesota
                [ 5 ] World Maritime University Malmo Sweden
                [ 6 ] Environment and Geography Department University of York, York United Kingdom
                [ 7 ] Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA USA
                [ 8 ] Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
                [ 9 ] School for the Environment University of Massachusetts Boston Boston Massachusetts USA
                [ 10 ] Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Detroit Michigan USA
                [ 11 ] Environmental Science, Saint Mary's University, Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
                [ 12 ] Department of Environmental Science Baylor University Waco Texas USA
                [ 13 ] Procter and Gamble Cincinnati Ohio USA
                [ 14 ] Center for Environmental & Human Toxicology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
                [ 15 ] George Washington University Washington, DC
                [ 16 ] DuPont, Wilmington Delaware USA
                [ 17 ] Clemson University, Clemson South Carolina USA
                [ 18 ] University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin USA
                [ 19 ] Canadian Food Inspection Agency Ottawa Ontario Canada
                [ 20 ] Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
                [ 21 ] Shell Oil Company Houston Texas USA
                [ 22 ] Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston Texas USA
                [ 23 ] Material Measurement Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland USA
                [ 24 ] US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Washington, DC
                [ 25 ] Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico
                [ 26 ] FMC, Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
                [ 27 ] School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington Indiana USA
                [ 28 ] US Geological Survey Columbia Missouri USA
                [ 29 ] Gradient, Cambridge Massachusetts USA
                [ 30 ] Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Costa Mesa California USA
                [ 31 ] Queen's University of Charlotte Charlotte North Carolina USA
                [ 32 ] Sanofi, Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
                [ 33 ] Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University Waco Texas USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Address correspondence to Bryan_Brooks@ 123456Baylor.edu

                [†]

                Deceased.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6277-9852
                Article
                ETC4502
                10.1002/etc.4502
                6852658
                31361364
                faffb149-2906-4de6-a849-b55b3de1f55a
                © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 13 February 2019
                : 19 March 2019
                : 16 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Pages: 19, Words: 17172
                Categories
                Critical Review
                Critical Review
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                August 2019
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.1 mode:remove_FC converted:13.11.2019

                Environmental chemistry
                global megatrends,environmental chemistry,environmental toxicology,environmental hazard/risk assessment,sustainability,emerging concerns

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