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      Foreword to Sperm morphometrics today and tomorrow special issue in Asian Journal of Andrology

      editorial
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 3
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Asian Journal of Andrology
      Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd

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          Abstract

          Early in his investigations, Leeuwenhoek (1670s) 1 deduced that spermatozoa were alive and an integral part of semen, rather than artifacts or parasites. He eventually observed spermatozoa in the semen of men, dogs, horses, birds, fishes, amphibians, molluscs, and many insects, and concluded that they must be a universal feature of male reproduction. The huge differences in sperm form among species have been discussed in relation to evolutionary changes dictated by the egg and its investments. 2 Spallanzani (1800s) 1 was the first scientist to develop successful methods for artificial insemination, first with amphibians and later with dogs. With these experiments, he showed that physical contact between intact spermatozoa and ova was necessary to achieve the fertilization. Some years later (1820s), Prévost and Dumas 1 performed the defining experiment to identify correctly the function of spermatozoa in reproduction.

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          Computer assisted semen analyzers in andrology research and veterinary practice.

          J. Verstegen, M Iguer-Ouada, K Onclin (2002)
          The evaluation of sperm cell motility and morphology is an essential parameter in the examination of sperm quality and in the establishment of correlations between sperm quality and fertility. Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) allows an objective assessment of different cell characteristics: motion, velocity, and morphology. The development and problems related to this technology are raised in this review, paying particular attention to the biases and standardization requirements absolutely needed to obtain useful results. Although some interesting results, mainly in humans, have already been obtained, many questions remain, which have to be answered to allow for further development of this technology in veterinary medicine, clinical fertility settings, physiological, and toxicology research activities. The main problem is related to the standardization and optimization of the equipment and procedures. The different CASA instruments have all demonstrated high levels of precision and reliability using different sperm classification methodology. Their availability gives us a great tool to objectively compare sperm motility and morphology and to improve our knowledge and ability to manipulate spermatozoa.
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            Measurement and significance of sperm morphology.

            Cas A G Holleboom, Johann P T Rhemrev, Roelof Menkveld (2010)
            The measurement or evaluation and clinical significance of human sperm morphology has always been and still is a controversial aspect of the semen analysis for the determination of a male's fertility potential. In this review the background of the development of the evaluation criteria for sperm morphology will be discussed. Aspects of criticism on the strict criteria definition and use of the criteria for sperm morphology evaluation will be discussed as well as possible reasons for the decline in normal sperm morphology values and how we can compromise for this phenomenon resulting in the very low normal reference value as published in the 2010 WHO manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. One of the possible solutions may be to give more attention to a limited number of abnormal sperm morphology categories and the inclusion of sperm morphology patterns. It is concluded in this review that if done correctly and with care and with strict application of existing guidelines as outlined in the 2010 WHO manual, sperm morphology measurement still has a very important role to play in the clinical evaluation of male fertility potential.
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              Clinical significance of the low normal sperm morphology value as proposed in the fifth edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen.

              Roelof Menkveld (2009)
              The very low cut-off value for sperm morphology of 4% morphologically normal spermatozoa, as proposed in the new edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) manual on semen analysis, is in agreement with recently published values and reflects the trend of a decline in reported mean values for normal sperm morphology. The reduced value for morphologically normal spermatozoa over the years may be due to several factors. The first is the introduction of strict criteria for the evaluation of sperm morphology. Other reasons may include the introduction of additional criteria for sperm morphology abnormalities and the suggested decrease in semen parameters because of increasing negative environmental influences. Although on its own the newly proposed very low normal value may not provide the strong predictive value for a males' fertility potential, as originally reported for sperm morphology evaluated according to strict criteria, a good predictive value can still be obtained if the holistic, strict approach for sperm morphology evaluation is followed together with additional sperm morphology parameters now available, because certain morphology patterns and sperm abnormalities are now known to be of strong prognostic value. In addition, better international standardization of the technical methodology, consensus on the interpretation of sperm morphology evaluation criteria and standardized international external quality control (EQC) schemes, are of utmost importance to maintain the good predictive value of sperm morphology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Asian J Androl
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Asian J. Androl
                Journal ID (publisher-id): AJA
                Title: Asian Journal of Andrology
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 1008-682X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1745-7262
                Publication date (Print): Nov-Dec 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 September 2016
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 815-818
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of València, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
                [2 ]Department of R+D, Proiser R+D, Science Park, University of València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
                [3 ]Tuen Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Dr. TG Cooper ( ctrevorg@ 123456gmail.com )
                Article
                Publisher ID: AJA-18-815
                DOI: 10.4103/1008-682X.187582
                PMC ID: 5109868
                PubMed ID: 27633908
                SO-VID: fb07bf46-0d8c-4f93-8398-e53046bb4879
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2016 AJA, SIMM & SJTU
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

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                Subject: Invited Editorial

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