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      Participants’ understanding of informed consent in clinical trials over three decades: systematic review and meta-analysis Translated title: Compréhension du consentement éclairé par les participants à des essais cliniques sur trois décennies: revue systématique et méta-analyse Translated title: La comprensión del consentimiento informado por parte de los participantes de ensayos clínicos a lo largo de tres décadas: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis Translated title: فهم المشاركين للموافقة المستنيرة في التجارب السريرية على مدى ثلاثة عقود: استعراض منهجي وتحليل تالٍ Translated title: 三十年来临床试验中参与者对知情同意的理解:系统回顾和荟萃分析 Translated title: Понимание участниками клинических исследований информированного согласия за три десятилетия: систематический обзор и мета-анализ

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To estimate the proportion of participants in clinical trials who understand different components of informed consent.

          Methods

          Relevant studies were identified by a systematic review of PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar and by manually reviewing reference lists for publications up to October 2013. A meta-analysis of study results was performed using a random-effects model to take account of heterogeneity.

          Findings

          The analysis included 103 studies evaluating 135 cohorts of participants. The pooled proportion of participants who understood components of informed consent was 75.8% for freedom to withdraw at any time, 74.7% for the nature of study, 74.7% for the voluntary nature of participation, 74.0% for potential benefits, 69.6% for the study’s purpose, 67.0% for potential risks and side-effects, 66.2% for confidentiality, 64.1% for the availability of alternative treatment if withdrawn, 62.9% for knowing that treatments were being compared, 53.3% for placebo and 52.1% for randomization. Most participants, 62.4%, had no therapeutic misconceptions and 54.9% could name at least one risk. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses identified covariates, such as age, educational level, critical illness, the study phase and location, that significantly affected understanding and indicated that the proportion of participants who understood informed consent had not increased over 30 years.

          Conclusion

          The proportion of participants in clinical trials who understood different components of informed consent varied from 52.1% to 75.8%. Investigators could do more to help participants achieve a complete understanding.

          Résumé

          Objectif

          Estimer la proportion des participants à des essais cliniques qui comprennent les différents composants du consentement éclairé.

          Méthodes

          Les études pertinentes ont été identifiées par une revue systématique de PubMed, Scopus et Google Scholar et par l'examen manuel des listes des références des publications allant jusqu'à octobre 2013. Une méta-analyse des résultats de l'étude a été réalisée à l'aide du modèle à effets aléatoires pour tenir compte de l'hétérogénéité.

          Résultats

          L'analyse a inclus 103 études évaluant 135 cohortes de participants. La proportion regroupée des participants qui ont compris les composants du consentement éclairé était de 75,8% pour la liberté de se retirer à tout moment, de 74,7% pour la nature de l'étude, de 74,7% pour la nature volontaire de la participation, de 74,0% pour les bénéfices potentiels, de 69,6% pour l'objectif de l'étude, de 67,0% pour les risques et effets indésirables potentiels, de 66,2% pour la confidentialité, de 64,1% pour la disponibilité d'un traitement alternatif en cas de retrait de l'étude, de 62,9% pour la connaissance des traitements évalués, de 53,3% pour le placebo et de 52,1% pour la randomisation. La plupart des participants (62,4%) n'avaient pas d'idées fausses sur le traitement, et 54,9% d'entre eux pouvaient citer au moins un risque. Les analyses de sous-groupe et de métarégression ont identifié des covariables, telles que l'âge, le niveau d'éducation, la maladie grave, la phase et le site de l'étude, qui affectaient significativement la compréhension et indiquaient que la proportion des participants ayant compris le consentement éclairé n'avait pas augmenté sur une période de 30 ans.

          Conclusion

          La proportion des participants à des essais cliniques, qui ont compris les différents composants du consentement éclairé, variait de 52,1% à 75,8%. Les investigateurs pourraient en faire davantage pour aider les participants à parvenir à la compréhension complète.

          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Estimar la proporción de participantes de ensayos clínicos que comprende los distintos componentes del consentimiento informado.

          Métodos

          Se identificaron los estudios pertinentes mediante una revisión sistemática de PubMed, Scopus y Google Scholar y el examen manual de listas de referencia a fin de hallar publicaciones anteriores a octubre de 2013. Se realizó un metanálisis de los resultados del estudio mediante un modelo de efectos aleatorios para tener en cuenta la heterogeneidad.

          Resultados

          El análisis incluyó 103 estudios que evaluaron 135 cohortes de participantes. La proporción combinada de participantes que entendía los componentes del consentimiento informado fue del 75,8 % para la libertad de retirarse en cualquier momento, 74,7 % para la naturaleza del estudio, 74,7 % para el carácter voluntario de la participación, 74,0 % para los beneficios potenciales, 69,6 % para el propósito del estudio, 67,0 % para los riesgos y efectos secundarios potenciales, 66,2 % para la confidencialidad, 64,1 % para la disponibilidad de tratamiento alternativo si el paciente se retira, 62,9 % para saber que se comparaban tratamientos, 53,3 % para el placebo y 52,1 % para la aleatorización. La mayoría de los participantes, el 62,4 %, no tenía una idea equivocada sobre la terapia y el 54,9 % no fue capaz de nombrar al menos un riesgo. Los análisis de subgrupos y la metarregresión identificaron covariables, como edad, nivel educativo, enfermedad crítica, fase de estudio y ubicación, que influían considerablemente en la comprensión y señalaron que la proporción de participantes que entendía el consentimiento informado no había aumentado en 30 años.

          Conclusión

          La proporción de participantes de ensayos clínicos que entendía los diferentes componentes del consentimiento informado varió del 52,1 % al 75,8 %. Los investigadores podrían realizar esfuerzos mayores para ayudar a los pacientes a lograr una comprensión total.

          ملخص

          الغرض

          تقدير نسبة المشاركين في التجارب السريرية الذين يفهمون العناصر المختلفة للموافقة المستنيرة.

          الطريقة

          تم تحديد الدراسات ذات الصلة عن طريق استعراض منهجي لقواعد بيانات PubMed وScopus وGoogle Scholar وعن طريق استعراض يدوي لقوائم المراجع الخاصة بالمنشورات حتى تشرين الأول/أكتوبر 2013. وتم إجراء تحليل تال لنتائج الدراسة باستخدام نموذج التأثيرات العشوائية لوضع التغايرية في الحسبان.

          النتائج

          اشتمل التحليل على 103 دراسة تقوم بتقييم 135 مجموعة من المشاركين. وكانت النسبة المجمعة للمشاركين الذين فهموا عناصر الموافقة المستنيرة 75.8 % بالنسبة لحرية الانسحاب في أي وقت و74.7 % بالنسبة لطبيعة الدراسة و74.7 % بالنسبة لطبيعة المشاركة الطوعية و74.0 % بالنسبة للفوائد المحتملة و69.6 % بالنسبة لغرض الدراسة و67.0 % بالنسبة للمخاطر والآثار الجانبية المحتملة و66.2 % بالنسبة لسرية المعلومات و64.1 % بالنسبة لإتاحة العلاج البديل في حالة الانسحاب من التجربة السريرية و62.9 % بالنسبة لمعرفة إجراء مقارنات بين العلاجات و53.3 % بالنسبة للدواء الوهمي و52.1 % بالنسبة للتوزيع العشوائي. ولم يكن لدى معظم المشاركين، 62.4 %، مفاهيم علاجية خاطئة واستطاع 54.9 % تحديد خطر واحد على الأقل. وحددت تحليلات الفئات الفرعية وتحليلات الارتداد التالي المتغيرات المصاحبة، مثل السن والمستوى التعليمي والاعتلالات الحرجة ومرحلة الدراسة وموقعها، والتي أثرت بشكل كبير على الفهم وأشارت إلى أن نسبة المشاركين الذين فهموا الموافقة المستنيرة لم تشهد زيادة على مدار 30 سنة.

          الاستنتاج

          تراوحت نسبة المشاركين في التجارب السريرية الذين فهموا العناصر المختلفة للموافقة المستنيرة من 52.1 % إلى 75.8 %. ويستطيع الخبراء تقديم المزيد لمساعدة المشاركين في تحقيق الفهم الكامل.

          摘要

          目的

          估算临床试验中参与者理解知情同意不同组成部分的比例。

          方法

          系统回顾PubMed、Scopus和Google Scholar来识别相关研究。使用随机影响模型执行研究结果荟萃分析,以便将异质性考虑在内。

          结果

          分析包括评估135组参与者的103项研究。参与者理解知情同意组成部分的混合比例为:75.8%理解随时退出的自由,74.7%理解研究的性质,74.7%理解参与的自愿性质,74.0%理解潜在收益,69.6%理解研究目的,67.0%理解潜在的风险和副作用,66.2%理解保密性,64.1%理解退出情况下替代治疗的提供,62.9%知道治疗正在接受比较,53.3%理解安慰剂,52.1%理解随机化。大多数参与者(62.4%)没有治疗误区,54.9%能够说出至少一个风险。子群和meta回归分析识别出年龄、教育水平、重要疾病、研究分期和位置等对理解产生显著影响的协变量,并指明30多年来参与者理解知情同意的比例并没有增加。

          结论

          临床试验参与者理解知情同意各个组成的比例为52.1%到75.8%不等。研究者可以做更多的工作来帮助参与者完全理解各个组成部分。

          Резюме

          Цель

          Определить долю участников клинических исследований, которые понимают различные детали информированного согласия.

          Методы

          Соответствующие исследования были выявлены посредством систематического обзора PubMed, Scopus и Google Scholar, а также путем просмотра вручную библиографических списков публикаций, изданных до октября 2013 г. Мета-анализ результатов исследований проводился с помощью модели со случайными эффектами для учета разнородности.

          Результаты

          Анализ включал 103 исследования с оценкой 135 групп участников. Общие доли участников, которые понимали следующие компоненты информированного согласия, составляли: 75,8% — о праве прекратить участие в исследовании в любое время, 74,7% — о природе исследования, 74,7% — о добровольном участии, 74,0% — о потенциальной пользе, 69,6 — о целях исследования, 67,0% — о потенциальных рисках и нежелательных явлениях, 66,2% — о конфиденциальности, 64,1% — о наличии альтернативного лечения при выходе из исследования, 62,9% — о знании сравнения терапий, 53,3% — о плацебо и 52,1% — о рандомизации. Большинство участников, а именно 62,4%, имели правильное представление о терапии и 54,9% могли назвать по меньшей мере один риск. С помощью анализа данных в подгруппах и мета-регрессионного анализа были определены независимые переменные, такие как возраст, уровень образования, критическое заболевание, место проведения и фаза исследования, которые оказывали значительное влияние на понимание и указывали на то, что доля участников, понимающих информированное согласие, не увеличилась за 30 лет.

          Вывод

          Доля участников клинических исследований, которые понимали различные компоненты информированного согласия, варьировалась в диапазоне от 52,1% до 75,8%. Исследователи могли бы предпринять дополнительные меры, чтобы участники исследований в более полной мере поняли суть информированного согласия.

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          Interventions to improve research participants' understanding in informed consent for research: a systematic review.

          Available data suggest that prospective research participants may frequently not understand information disclosed to them in the informed consent process. Little is known about how understanding can be improved. To review research on interventions to improve research participants' understanding of information disclosed in the informed consent process. A search of MEDLINE was performed using the terms informed consent and clinical research and informed consent and (comprehension or understanding) from 1966 to March 2004 , which included randomized controlled trials, longitudinal trials, and controlled trials with nonrandom allocation that compared the understanding of research participants who had undergone only a standard informed consent process to that of participants who had received an intervention to improve their understanding. A comprehensive bibliography of empirical research on informed consent published in January 1999 was also reviewed, as were personal files and all issues of the journals IRB and Controlled Clinical Trials. Study design, quality criteria, population characteristics, interventions, and outcomes for each trial were extracted. The statistical significance of the interventions' effects on understanding were noted, as were mean scores for understanding for each group of each trial. For those trials that measured the secondary outcomes of satisfaction and willingness to enroll, results were also summarized. Thirty studies described 42 trials that met inclusion criteria. Of 12 trials of multimedia interventions, 3 showed significant improvement in understanding. Of 15 trials of enhanced consent forms, 6 showed significant improvement in understanding (all P<.05), but 5 of 6 trials were of limited quality, casting doubt on their practical relevance. Of 5 trials of extended discussion, 3 showed significant improvement in understanding (all P<.001) and 2 showed trends toward improvement (P=.054 and P=.08). Of 5 trials of test/feedback, all showed significant improvement in understanding (all P<.05) but were flawed in that they may have mistaken rote memorization for improvement in understanding. Another 5 trials were put into a miscellaneous category and had varying impact on understanding. Some demographic factors, particularly lower education, were associated with less understanding. Satisfaction and willingness to enroll were never significantly diminished by an intervention . Efforts to improve understanding through the use of multimedia and enhanced consent forms have had only limited success. Having a study team member or a neutral educator spend more time talking one-on-one to study participants appears to be the most effective available way of improving research participants' understanding; however, further research is needed.
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            What makes clinical research ethical?

            Many believe that informed consent makes clinical research ethical. However, informed consent is neither necessary nor sufficient for ethical clinical research. Drawing on the basic philosophies underlying major codes, declarations, and other documents relevant to research with human subjects, we propose 7 requirements that systematically elucidate a coherent framework for evaluating the ethics of clinical research studies: (1) value-enhancements of health or knowledge must be derived from the research; (2) scientific validity-the research must be methodologically rigorous; (3) fair subject selection-scientific objectives, not vulnerability or privilege, and the potential for and distribution of risks and benefits, should determine communities selected as study sites and the inclusion criteria for individual subjects; (4) favorable risk-benefit ratio-within the context of standard clinical practice and the research protocol, risks must be minimized, potential benefits enhanced, and the potential benefits to individuals and knowledge gained for society must outweigh the risks; (5) independent review-unaffiliated individuals must review the research and approve, amend, or terminate it; (6) informed consent-individuals should be informed about the research and provide their voluntary consent; and (7) respect for enrolled subjects-subjects should have their privacy protected, the opportunity to withdraw, and their well-being monitored. Fulfilling all 7 requirements is necessary and sufficient to make clinical research ethical. These requirements are universal, although they must be adapted to the health, economic, cultural, and technological conditions in which clinical research is conducted. JAMA. 2000;283:2701-2711.
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              Improving understanding in the research informed consent process: a systematic review of 54 interventions tested in randomized control trials

              Background Obtaining informed consent is a cornerstone of biomedical research, yet participants comprehension of presented information is often low. The most effective interventions to improve understanding rates have not been identified. Purpose To systematically analyze the random controlled trials testing interventions to research informed consent process. The primary outcome of interest was quantitative rates of participant understanding; secondary outcomes were rates of information retention, satisfaction, and accrual. Interventional categories included multimedia, enhanced consent documents, extended discussions, test/feedback quizzes, and miscellaneous methods. Methods The search spanned from database inception through September 2010. It was run on Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid CINAHL, Ovid PsycInfo and Cochrane CENTRAL, ISI Web of Science and Scopus. Five reviewers working independently and in duplicate screened full abstract text to determine eligibility. We included only RCTs. 39 out of 1523 articles fulfilled review criteria (2.6%), with a total of 54 interventions. A data extraction form was created in Distiller, an online reference management system, through an iterative process. One author collected data on study design, population, demographics, intervention, and analytical technique. Results Meta-analysis was possible on 22 interventions: multimedia, enhanced form, and extended discussion categories; all 54 interventions were assessed by review. Meta-analysis of multimedia approaches was associated with a non-significant increase in understanding scores (SMD 0.30, 95% CI, -0.23 to 0.84); enhanced consent form, with significant increase (SMD 1.73, 95% CI, 0.99 to 2.47); and extended discussion, with significant increase (SMD 0.53, 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.84). By review, 31% of multimedia interventions showed significant improvement in understanding; 41% for enhanced consent form; 50% for extended discussion; 33% for test/feedback; and 29% for miscellaneous.Multiple sources of variation existed between included studies: control processes, the presence of a human proctor, real vs. simulated protocol, and assessment formats. Conclusions Enhanced consent forms and extended discussions were most effective in improving participant understanding. Interventions of all categories had no negative impact on participant satisfaction or study accrual. Identification of best practices for studies of informed consent interventions would aid future systematic comparisons.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Bull World Health Organ
                Bull. World Health Organ
                BLT
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                World Health Organization
                0042-9686
                1564-0604
                01 March 2015
                22 January 2015
                : 93
                : 3
                : 186-198H
                Affiliations
                [a ]Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
                [b ]Department of Clinical Product Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
                [c ]Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue City, Viet Nam.
                [d ]Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki, Japan.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Nguyen Tien Huy (email: tienhuy@ 123456nagasaki-u.ac.jp ).
                Article
                BLT.14.141390
                10.2471/BLT.14.141390
                4371493
                25883410
                fb14ef3f-0868-48a0-9415-ad0a4d7bc184
                (c) 2015 The authors; licensee World Health Organization.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/legalcode), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that WHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.

                History
                : 13 May 2014
                : 29 October 2014
                : 26 November 2014
                Categories
                Systematic Reviews

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