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      Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation on composite resins containing ursolic acid

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          To evaluate the inhibitory effect of ursolic acid (UA)-containing composites on Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans) biofilm.

          Materials and Methods

          Composite resins with five different concentrations (0.04, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%) of UA (U6753, Sigma Aldrich) were prepared, and their flexural strengths were measured according to ISO 4049. To evaluate the effect of carbohydrate source on biofilm formation, either glucose or sucrose was used as a nutrient source, and to investigate the effect of saliva treatment, the specimen were treated with either unstimulated whole saliva or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). For biofilm assay, composite disks were transferred to S. mutans suspension and incubated for 24 hr. Afterwards, the specimens were rinsed with PBS and sonicated. The colony forming units (CFU) of the disrupted biofilm cultures were enumerated. For growth inhibition test, the composites were placed on a polystyrene well cluster, and S. mutans suspension was inoculated. The optical density at 600 nm (OD 600) was recorded by Infinite F200 pro apparatus (TECAN). One-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction were used for the data analyses.

          Results

          The flexural strength values did not show significant difference at any concentration ( p > 0.01). In biofilm assay, the CFU score decreased as the concentration of UA increased. The influence of saliva pretreatment was conflicting. The sucrose groups exhibited higher CFU score than glucose group ( p < 0.05). In bacterial growth inhibition test, all experimental groups containing UA resulted in complete inhibition.

          Conclusions

          Within the limitations of the experiments, UA included in the composite showed inhibitory effect on S. mutans biofilm formation and growth.

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          Most cited references25

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          The role of bacteria in the caries process: ecological perspectives.

          Dental biofilms produce acids from carbohydrates that result in caries. According to the extended caries ecological hypothesis, the caries process consists of 3 reversible stages. The microflora on clinically sound enamel surfaces contains mainly non-mutans streptococci and Actinomyces, in which acidification is mild and infrequent. This is compatible with equilibrium of the demineralization/remineralization balance or shifts the mineral balance toward net mineral gain (dynamic stability stage). When sugar is supplied frequently, acidification becomes moderate and frequent. This may enhance the acidogenicity and acidurance of the non-mutans bacteria adaptively. In addition, more aciduric strains, such as 'low-pH' non-mutans streptococci, may increase selectively. These microbial acid-induced adaptation and selection processes may, over time, shift the demineralization/remineralization balance toward net mineral loss, leading to initiation/progression of dental caries (acidogenic stage). Under severe and prolonged acidic conditions, more aciduric bacteria become dominant through acid-induced selection by temporary acid-impairment and acid-inhibition of growth (aciduric stage). At this stage, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli as well as aciduric strains of non-mutans streptococci, Actinomyces, bifidobacteria, and yeasts may become dominant. Many acidogenic and aciduric bacteria are involved in caries. Environmental acidification is the main determinant of the phenotypic and genotypic changes that occur in the microflora during caries.
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            Pharmacology of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid.

            Jie Liu (1995)
            Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are triterpenoid compounds that exist widely in food, medicinal herbs and other plants. This review summarizes the pharmacological studies on these two triterpenoids. Both oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are effective in protecting against chemically induced liver injury in laboratory animals. Oleanolic acid has been marketed in China as an oral drug for human liver disorders. The mechanism of hepatoprotection by these two compounds may involve the inhibition of toxicant activation and the enhancement of the body defense systems. Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid have also been long-recognized to have antiinflammatory and antihyperlipidemic properties in laboratory animals, and more research is warranted to develop a therapy for patients. Recently, both compounds have been noted for their antitumor-promotion effects, which are stimulating additional research in this field. Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are relatively non-toxic, and have been used in cosmetics and health products. The possible mechanisms for the pharmacological effects and the prospects for these two compounds are discussed.
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              Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid: research perspectives.

              Jie Liu (2005)
              Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are ubiquitous triterpenoids in plant kingdom, medicinal herbs, and are integral part of the human diet. During the last decade over 700 research articles have been published on their research, reflecting tremendous interest and progress in our understanding of these triterpenoids. This included the isolation and purification of these tritepernoids from various plants and herbs, the chemical modifications to make more effective and water soluble derivatives, the pharmacological research on their beneficial effects, the toxicity studies, and the clinical use of these triterpenoids in various diseases including anticancer chemotherapies. A briefly commentary is attempted here for their research perspectives.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Restor Dent Endod
                Restor Dent Endod
                RDE
                Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics
                The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry
                2234-7658
                2234-7666
                May 2013
                28 May 2013
                : 38
                : 2
                : 65-72
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Conservative Dentistry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
                [2 ]Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Jeong-Won Park, DDS, PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 146-92 Dogok-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea 135-720. TEL, +82-2-2019-1350; FAX, +82-2-3463-4052; pjw@ 123456yuhs.ac
                Article
                10.5395/rde.2013.38.2.65
                3670979
                23741708
                fb303a06-4c91-442b-b7fd-2a4db2488352
                ©Copyights 2013. The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 15 March 2013
                : 22 April 2013
                : 25 April 2013
                Categories
                Research Article

                antibacterial composite,biofilm,streptococcus mutans,ursolic acid

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