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      First report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in peafowl ( Pavo cristatus) in China

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          Abstract

          Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are important pathogens causing diarrhea in humans and animals. However, few studies have been conducted on the infection of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in peafowl up to now. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence and the involved genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in peafowl in Beijing and Jiangxi Province, China. In total, 258 peafowl fecal samples were collected. Overall, both Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi had the same prevalence, i.e. 6.59% (17/258). Higher infection rates of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. were found in the adolescent peafowl. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in Beijing and Jiangxi Province was 5.23% and 8.57% respectively. For Cryptosporidium spp., the prevalence was 4.58% and 9.52% in Beijing and Jiangxi Province, respectively. Three zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi were confirmed, including two known genotypes, genotype Peru 6 and D, and one novel genotype, JXP1. Two avian specific species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium, Avian genotype Ⅲ and Goose genotype Ⅰ, were identified. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. occurrence in peafowl in China. The findings suggest that peafowl could be reservoirs of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. which could be potentially transmitted to humans and other animals, and the present survey have implications for controlling E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. infection in peafowl.

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          • •

            This is the first report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in peafowl in China.

          • •

            The average infection rate was 6.59% and higher prevalence was found in the adolescent peafowl.

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            Three zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi and 2 avian specific genotypes of Cryptosporidium were identified.

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            This study will enrich the epidemiological data of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. infection in China.

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          A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium.

          William Checkley, A. White, Devan Jaganath … (2015)
          Cryptosporidium spp are well recognised as causes of diarrhoeal disease during waterborne epidemics and in immunocompromised hosts. Studies have also drawn attention to an underestimated global burden and suggest major gaps in optimum diagnosis, treatment, and immunisation. Cryptosporidiosis is increasingly identified as an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in low-resource settings and high-income countries have confirmed the importance of cryptosporidium as a cause of diarrhoea and childhood malnutrition. Diagnostic tests for cryptosporidium infection are suboptimum, necessitating specialised tests that are often insensitive. Antigen-detection and PCR improve sensitivity, and multiplexed antigen detection and molecular assays are underused. Therapy has some effect in healthy hosts and no proven efficacy in patients with AIDS. Use of cryptosporidium genomes has helped to identify promising therapeutic targets, and drugs are in development, but methods to assess the efficacy in vitro and in animals are not well standardised. Partial immunity after exposure suggests the potential for successful vaccines, and several are in development; however, surrogates of protection are not well defined. Improved methods for propagation and genetic manipulation of the organism would be significant advances. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy.

            Yaoyu Feng, Lili Liu, Meijin Guo … (2013)
            Molecular diagnostic tools have been used increasingly in the characterization of the transmission of cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in developing countries. However, few studies have examined the distribution of Cryptosporidium species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. In the present study, 683 HIV-positive patients in the National Free Antiretroviral Therapy Program in China and 683 matched HIV-negative controls were enrolled. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes were detected and differentiated by PCR and DNA sequencing. The infection rates were 1.5% and 0.15% for Cryptosporidium and 5.7% and 4.2% for E. bieneusi in HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants, respectively. The majority (8/11) of Cryptosporidium cases were infections by zoonotic species, including Cryptosporidium meleagridis (5), Cryptosporidium parvum (2), and Cryptosporidium suis (1). Prevalent E. bieneusi genotypes detected, including EbpC (39), D (12), and type IV (7), were also potentially zoonotic. The common occurrence of EbpC was a feature of E. bieneusi transmission not seen in other areas. Contact with animals was a risk factor for both cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis. The results suggest that zoonotic transmission was significant in the epidemiology of both diseases in rural AIDS patients in China.
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              Prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in swine: an 18-month survey at a slaughterhouse in Massachusetts.

              Michael A Buckholt, John Lee, Saul Tzipori (2002)
              Slaughterhouse pig samples were analyzed by PCR for Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection. Thirty-two percent were found to be positive, with rates being higher over the summer months. Three isolates from pigs were identical in their ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequence to human E. bieneusi type D, two were identical to type F (from a pig), and nine were previously unreported. The viability of these spores was demonstrated by their ability to infect gnotobiotic piglets. The presence of the infection in liver was shown by in situ hybridization.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Hong-Xuan He
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl
                Title: International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-2244
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 March 2019
                Publication date Collection: August 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 March 2019
                Volume: 9
                Pages: 1-6
                Affiliations
                [a ]National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
                [b ]College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. 1-5 Beichenxilu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. hehx@ 123456ioz.ac.cn
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2213-2244(19)30041-0
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.014
                PMC ID: 6438908
                PubMed ID: 30976510
                SO-VID: fb34201f-738f-47dd-aca2-3159396da5a7
                Copyright © © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 February 2019
                Date revision received : 18 March 2019
                Date accepted : 20 March 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: china,peafowl,cryptosporidium spp.,enterocytozoon bieneusi,genotype
                Data availability:
                Keywords: china, peafowl, cryptosporidium spp., enterocytozoon bieneusi, genotype

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