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      Avaliação da acidose metabólica em pacientes graves: método de Stewart-Fencl-Figge versus a abordagem tradicional de henderson-hasselbalch Translated title: Assessment of metabolic acidosis in critically ill patients: method of Stewart-Fencl-Figge versus the traditional henderson-hasselbalch approach

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          Abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Rever estratégias de avaliação da acidose metabólica dando ênfase ao método de Stewart-Fencl-Figge versus a abordagem tradicional de Henderson-Hasselbalch. CONTEÚDO: A acidose metabólica é um distúrbio comum em pacientes criticamente enfermos, sendo importante causa de depressão da função miocárdica e sensível indicador de má perfusão tissular. Tradicionalmente, é avaliada através do método de Henderson-Hasselbalch no qual a gasometria arterial fornece informações sobre a existência e o tipo de distúrbio ácido-básico. Porém, nem sempre, esse método é capaz de explicar os seus mecanismos causais e, por isso, muitos estudos têm sido feitos na tentativa de melhorar sua interpretação. O método de Stewart-Fencl-Figge, calculado através de fórmula matemática, em que além da gasometria arterial, são utilizados níveis séricos de vários eletrólitos, lactato e albumina, nos fornece informações mais fidedignas permitindo detectar anormalidades metabólicas mistas e estimar a magnitude de cada componente, principalmente na presença de múltiplas disfunções orgânicas. Nesses pacientes, a presença de ânions não mensurados no plasma é importante mecanismo de acidose metabólica e sua detecção precoce é fundamental para se evitar efeitos deletérios sobre o organismo. CONCLUSÕES: A abordagem tradicional de Henderson-Hasselbalch falha em analisar os mecanismos da acidose metabólica e possui muitas variáveis que interferem no seu resultado, principalmente no paciente criticamente enfermo. O método de Stewart-Fencl-Figge proporciona abordagem mais completa para avaliação da acidose metabólica, sugerindo seus mecanismos e orientando a terapêutica. Como alternativa, o anion gap corrigido pela albumina e lactato parece ser tão eficiente em identificar a presença de anions não mensurados quanto o método de Stewart.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To review strategies of assessment of metabolic acidosis giving emphasis to the of Stewart-Fencl-Figge method versus the traditional method of Henderson-Hasselbalch. CONTENTS: Metabolic acidosis is a common issue in critically ill patients, an important cause of myocardial contractility depression and sensible marker of impaired tissue oxygenation. Traditionally, is evaluated by the Henderson-Hasselbalch approach in which an arterial blood sample provides information about the presence and type of acid base disturbance. However, this method is not always capable to explain the causes of the metabolic acidosis and, therefore, several studies have explored mechanisms to improve its interpretation. The Stewart-Fencl-Figge method calculated through a mathematical formula, where in addition to arterial blood gas levels, serum levels of electrolytes, lactate and albumin are used, supplies trustworthy information allowing detection of mixed metabolic abnormalities and quantification of the magnitude of each component, mainly in patients with multiple organic dysfunctions. In these individuals, the presence of unmeasured anions in the plasma is an important mechanism of metabolic acidosis and its early detection fundamental to avoid deleterious effect on the organism. CONCLUSIONS: The traditional Henderson-Hasselbalch approach fails in analyzing the underlying mechanisms of metabolic acidosis and possesses many variables that intervene with its result especially in the critically ill patient. The Stewart-Fencl-Figge method offers a broader analysis of metabolic acidosis, indicating its mechanisms and guiding a better therapeutically strategy. As an alternative, the albumin-corrected and lactate-corrected anion gap seems to be as useful as the Stewart approach in identifying the unmeasured anions.

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          Lactate versus non-lactate metabolic acidosis: a retrospective outcome evaluation of critically ill patients

          Introduction Acid–base abnormalities are common in the intensive care unit (ICU). Differences in outcome exist between respiratory and metabolic acidosis in similar pH ranges. Some forms of metabolic acidosis (for example, lactate) seem to have worse outcomes than others (for example, chloride). The relative incidence of each type of disorder is unknown. We therefore designed this study to determine the nature and clinical significance of metabolic acidosis in critically ill patients. Methods An observational, cohort study of critically ill patients was performed in a tertiary care hospital. Critically ill patients were selected on the clinical suspicion of the presence of lactic acidosis. The inpatient mortality of the entire group was 14%, with a length of stay in hospital of 12 days and a length of stay in the ICU of 5.8 days. Results We reviewed records of 9,799 patients admitted to the ICUs at our institution between 1 January 2001 and 30 June 2002. We selected a cohort in which clinicians caring for patients ordered a measurement of arterial lactate level. We excluded patients in which any necessary variable required to characterize an acid–base disorder was absent. A total of 851 patients (9% of ICU admissions) met our criteria. Of these, 548 patients (64%) had a metabolic acidosis (standard base excess < -2 mEq/l) and these patients had a 45% mortality, compared with 25% for those with no metabolic acidosis (p < 0.001). We then subclassified metabolic acidosis cases on the basis of the predominant anion present (lactate, chloride, or all other anions). The mortality rate was highest for lactic acidosis (56%); for strong ion gap (SIG) acidosis it was 39% and for hyperchloremic acidosis 29% (p < 0.001). A stepwise logistic regression model identified serum lactate, SIG, phosphate, and age as independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion In critically ill patients in which a measurement of lactate level was ordered, lactate and SIG were strong independent predictors of mortality when they were the major source of metabolic acidosis. Overall, patients with metabolic acidosis were nearly twice as likely to die as patients without metabolic acidosis.
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            Stewart and beyond: new models of acid-base balance.

            The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the base excess have been used traditionally to describe the acid-base balance of the blood. In 1981, Stewart proposed a new model of acid-base balance based upon three variables, the "strong ion difference" (SID), the total weak acids (ATot), and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2). Over 20 years later, Stewart's physiochemical model still remains largely unknown. In this review, we will present both the traditional and the Stewart models of acid-base balance and then derive each using an "ion equilibrium method." Modern theories of acid-base balance may be useful toward the understanding of complex acid-base disorders.
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              Conventional or physicochemical approach in intensive care unit patients with metabolic acidosis

              Introduction Metabolic acidosis is the most frequent acid–base disorder in the intensive care unit. The optimal analysis of the underlying mechanisms is unknown. Aim To compare the conventional approach with the physicochemical approach in quantifying complicated metabolic acidosis in patients in the intensive care unit Patients and methods We included 50 consecutive patients with a metabolic acidosis (standard base excess ≤ -5). We measured sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, lactate, creatinine, urea, phosphate, albumin, pH, and arterial carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions in every patient. We then calculated HCO3 -, the base excess, the anion gap, the albumin-corrected anion gap, the apparent strong ion difference, the effective strong ion difference and the strong ion gap. Results Most patients had multiple underlying mechanisms explaining the metabolic acidosis. Unmeasured strong anions were present in 98%, hyperchloremia was present in 80% and elevated lactate levels were present in 62% of patients. Calculation of the anion gap was not useful for the detection of hyperlactatemia. There was an excellent relation between the strong ion gap and the albumin-corrected and lactate-corrected anion gap (r 2 = 0.934), with a bias of 1.86 and a precision of 0.96. Conclusion Multiple underlying mechanisms are present in most intensive care unit patients with a metabolic acidosis. These mechanisms are reliably determined by measuring the lactate-corrected and albumin-corrected anion gap. Calculation of the more time-consuming strong ion gap according to Stewart is therefore unnecessary.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbti
                Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva
                Rev. bras. ter. intensiva
                Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB (São Paulo )
                1982-4335
                December 2006
                : 18
                : 4
                : 380-384
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital Salvador
                [2 ] Universidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                [5 ] Hospital Salvador
                Article
                S0103-507X2006000400010
                10.1590/S0103-507X2006000400010
                fb56ce98-1446-430d-8971-8b1891bb95a9

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-507X&lng=en
                Categories
                CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE

                Emergency medicine & Trauma
                Fencl's equations,acid base disturbance,equation,Figge's formulas,metabolic acidosis,Stewart's method,equação de Henderson-Hasselbalch,equações de Fencl,fórmulas de Figge,método de Stewart,Henderson-Hasselbalch's,acidose metabólica,distúrbio ácido-básico

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