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      Psychological predictors of change in the number of musculoskeletal pain sites among Norwegian employees: a prospective study

      research-article
      1 , , 2 , 1
      BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
      BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          Background

          The pathogenesis of syndromes of widespread musculoskeletal pain remains an enigma. The present study sought to determine if psychological states, job satisfaction, pain intensity, and sleep problems contributed to the spread and decline of the number of musculoskeletal pains.

          Methods

          A sample of 2989 Norwegian employees completed a questionnaire at baseline and follow-up 2 years later. Data were analyzed with multinomial and ordinal logistic regression analyses to determine effects on direction and degree of change of number of pain sites (NPS).

          Results

          After adjustment for sex, age, skill level, and number of pain sites at baseline, increases in the number of pain sites from baseline to follow-up were predicted by emotional exhaustion, mental distress, having little surplus, feeling down and sad, sleep disturbances, and intensity of headache. Decreases were predicted by low levels of emotional exhaustion, mental distress, sleep disturbances, restlessness, and lower intensity of headache, neck pain, shoulder pain, and back pain. Higher numbers of pain sites at baseline were associated with reduction of number of pain sites and lower likelihood of spread. Some factors that did not predict whether decrease or increase occurred were nevertheless associated with the degree of decrease (depression, anxiety, having surplus, self-efficacy) or increase (anxiety).

          Conclusions

          Several psychological and physiological factors predicted change in the number of pain sites. There is a need for further investigations to identify possible mechanisms by which psychological and behavioral factors propagate the spread of pain.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1503-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references36

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          Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test.

          Research on dispositional optimism as assessed by the Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1985) has been challenged on the grounds that effects attributed to optimism are indistinguishable from those of unmeasured third variables, most notably, neuroticism. Data from 4,309 subjects show that associations between optimism and both depression and aspects of coping remain significant even when the effects of neuroticism, as well as the effects of trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem, are statistically controlled. Thus, the Life Orientation Test does appear to possess adequate predictive and discriminant validity. Examination of the scale on somewhat different grounds, however, does suggest that future applications can benefit from its revision. Thus, we also describe a minor modification to the Life Orientation Test, along with data bearing on the revised scale's psychometric properties.
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            • Record: found
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            Pain catastrophizing: a critical review.

            Pain catastrophizing is conceptualized as a negative cognitive-affective response to anticipated or actual pain and has been associated with a number of important pain-related outcomes. In the present review, we first focus our efforts on the conceptualization of pain catastrophizing, highlighting its conceptual history and potential problem areas. We then focus our discussion on a number of theoretical mechanisms of action: appraisal theory, attention bias/information processing, communal coping, CNS pain processing mechanisms, psychophysiological pathways and neural pathways. We then offer evidence to suggest that pain catastrophizing represents an important process factor in pain treatment. We conclude by offering what we believe represents an integrated heuristic model for use by researchers over the next 5 years; a model we believe will advance the field most expediently.
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              A review of the healthy worker effect in occupational epidemiology

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +47 23 19 51 00 , joc@stami.no
                Sissel.Johansen@hioa.no
                +47 23 19 51 00 , Stein.Knardahl@stami.no
                Journal
                BMC Musculoskelet Disord
                BMC Musculoskelet Disord
                BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2474
                4 April 2017
                4 April 2017
                2017
                : 18
                : 140
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.416876.a, Department of Work Psychology and Physiology, , The National Institute of Occupational Health, ; Oslo, Norway
                [2 ]GRID grid.412414.6, , Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, ; Oslo, Norway
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5530-7526
                Article
                1503
                10.1186/s12891-017-1503-7
                5379631
                28376786
                fb6790b6-0c53-4d69-9ce5-2cd14450214b
                © The Author(s). 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 20 October 2016
                : 28 March 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: Norges Forskningsråd (NO)
                Award ID: 185209
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Orthopedics
                Orthopedics

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