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      Two-stage revision of implant-associated infections after total hip and knee arthroplasty Translated title: Zweizeitige Revision bei Implantat-assoziierter Infektion nach Hüft- und Knieendoprothesen

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          Abstract

          Septic loosening of total hip and knee endoprostheses gains an increasing proportion of revision arthroplasties. Operative revisions of infected endoprostheses are mentally and physically wearing for the patient, challenging for the surgeon and a significant economic burden for healthcare systems. In cases of early infection within the first three weeks after implantation a one-stage revision with leaving the implant in place is widely accepted. The recommendations for the management of late infections vary by far. One-stage revisions as well as two-stage or multiple revision schedules have been reported to be successful in over 90% of all cases for certain patient collectives. But implant associated infection still remains a severe complication. Moreover, the management of late endoprosthetic infection requires specific logistics, sufficient and standardized treatment protocol, qualified manpower as well as an efficient quality management. With regard to the literature and experience of specialized orthopaedic surgeons from several university and regional hospitals we modified a commonly used treatment protocol for two-stage revision of infected total hip and knee endoprostheses. In addition to the achievement of maximum survival rate of the revision implants an optimisation of the functional outcome of the affected artificial joint is aimed for.

          Translated abstract

          Bei Revisionseingriffen wächst der Anteil der Behandlung septisch bedingter Lockerungen von Hüft- und Knie-Endoprothesen. Für den Patienten stellt die Revisionsoperation infizierter Endoprothesen eine mentale und physische Belastung dar, für den Chirurgen sind sie eine Herausforderung und für das Gesundheitssystem eine beträchtliche wirtschaftliche Belastung. Bei der Frühinfektion innerhalb der ersten drei Wochen nach Implantation ist eine einzeitige Revision, bei der das Implantat im Körper verbleibt, weithin akzeptiert. Dagegen gehen die Empfehlungen für das Management von Spätinfekten deutlich auseinander. Sowohl bei einzeitigen als auch bei zwei- oder mehrzeitigen Implantatwechseln wird von Erfolgsraten von über 90% für bestimmte Patientengruppen berichtet. Dennoch zählen Implantat-assoziierte Infektionen weiterhin zu den schweren Komplikationen. Zudem erfordert das Management von Spätinfekten eine besondere Logistik, angemessene und standardisierte Behandlungsvorgaben, qualifiziertes Personal sowie ein effizientes Qualitätsmanagement.

          Basierend auf wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen und den Erfahrungen spezialisierter orthopädischer Chirurgen verschiedener Universitätskliniken und Regionalkrankenhäuser haben wir einen häufig verwendeten Behandlungsalgorithmus für zweizeitige Revisionen infizierter Hüft- und Knie-Endototalprothesen modifiziert. Neben dem Erreichen einer maximalen Standzeit der Revisionsimplantate besteht das Ziel darin, das Funktionsniveau der betroffenen künstlichen Gelenke zu verbessern.

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          Most cited references52

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          Sonication of removed hip and knee prostheses for diagnosis of infection.

          Culturing of samples of periprosthetic tissue is the standard method used for the microbiologic diagnosis of prosthetic-joint infection, but this method is neither sensitive nor specific. In prosthetic-joint infection, microorganisms are typically present in a biofilm on the surface of the prosthesis. We hypothesized that culturing of samples obtained from the prosthesis would improve the microbiologic diagnosis of prosthetic-joint infection. We performed a prospective trial comparing culture of samples obtained by sonication of explanted hip and knee prostheses to dislodge adherent bacteria from the prosthesis with conventional culture of periprosthetic tissue for the microbiologic diagnosis of prosthetic-joint infection among patients undergoing hip or knee revision or resection arthroplasty. We studied 331 patients with total knee prostheses (207 patients) or hip prostheses (124 patients); 252 patients had aseptic failure, and 79 had prosthetic-joint infection. With the use of standardized nonmicrobiologic criteria to define prosthetic-joint infection, the sensitivities of periprosthetic-tissue and sonicate-fluid cultures were 60.8% and 78.5% (P<0.001), respectively, and the specificities were 99.2% and 98.8%, respectively. Fourteen cases of prosthetic-joint infection were detected by sonicate-fluid culture but not by prosthetic-tissue culture. In patients receiving antimicrobial therapy within 14 days before surgery, the sensitivities of periprosthetic tissue and sonicate-fluid culture were 45.0% and 75.0% (P<0.001), respectively. In this study, culture of samples obtained by sonication of prostheses was more sensitive than conventional periprosthetic-tissue culture for the microbiologic diagnosis of prosthetic hip and knee infection, especially in patients who had received antimicrobial therapy within 14 days before surgery. Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            Management of infection associated with prosthetic joints.

            In orthopedic implant surgery, infection is rare, but difficult to eradicate. Neither diagnosis nor treatment of such infections is standardized. A MEDLINE search with the keywords "orthopedic implant-related infection" and "joint replacement and infection" identified studies published from 1982-2002. One single randomized controlled trial could be found. In addition, larger retrospective case series and observational studies with clear definition of the observed intervention were also selected for inclusion. A rational algorithm based on clinical experience in orthopedic implant-related infections, observational studies and the controlled trial is presented. The conditions for the different therapeutic options (debridement with retention, one-stage exchange, two-stage exchange, removal without reimplantation or suppressive antibiotic treatment) are presented. The proposed algorithm is based on the interval after implantation (early, delayed, late), the type of infection (exogenous vs hematogenous), the condition of the implant and the soft tissue, as well as comorbidity of the patient. Considering both surgical and antimicrobial therapy, our algorithm facilitates either retrospective evaluation of case series or the planning of well-defined prospective studies.
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              A novel antibacterial titania coating: metal ion toxicity and in vitro surface colonization.

              Postoperative implant-associated infection is still an unresolved and serious complication in modern surgery. Antibacterial and biocompatible surfaces could both reduce infection rates and promote tissue integration. In this respect, a comparative study of the antibacterial as well as the biocompatible potential of different metal ions in vitro is presented. The assays used were growth inhibition tests with different metal salts carried out with tissue cells and bacteria under corresponding culture conditions. Additionally, in vitro tests in direct surface contact with tissue cells and bacteria onto a novel copper containing sol-gel derived titanium dioxide coating (Cu-TiO2) and a fourfold Cu-TiO2 coating were performed. The values were compared to a non-filled titanium dioxide coating and standard Ti6Al4V alloy. SEM-investigations were performed to approve the results of the in vitro tests. Among Ag+, Zn2+, Co2+, Al3+ and Hg2+, the growth inhibition tests revealed an outstanding position of copper ions as antibacterial but nevertheless bio-tolerant additive. These results were affirmed by the cell tests in direct surface contact and SEM-investigations, where best cell growth was found on the Cu-TiO2 coatings. Highest antibacterial properties with a tolerable cytocompatibility could be observed on the fourfold Cu-TiO2 coatings. Consequently, surfaces with custom-tailored antibacterial properties may be established and could be of particular interest in revision and tumor arthroplasty.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip
                GMS Krankenhaushyg Interdiszip
                GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinär
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1863-5245
                15 December 2011
                2011
                : 6
                : 1 , Prevention and therapy of nosocomial infections
                : Doc17
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Rostock, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Martin Ellenrieder, Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Rostock, Doberaner Strasse 142, Rostock, Germany, Tel.: + 49 (381) 494-9315, Fax: + 49 (381) 494-9311, E-mail: martin.ellenrieder@ 123456uni-rostock.de
                Article
                dgkh000174 Doc17 urn:nbn:de:0183-dgkh0001749
                10.3205/dgkh000174
                3252662
                22242098
                fb68374c-d83c-4e02-a007-e421ad11b65c
                Copyright © 2011 Ellenrieder et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en). You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.

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                Public health
                total hip and knee arthroplasty,spacer,implant-associated infection,treatment protocol

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