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      Size matters: predation of fish eggs and larvae by native and invasive amphipods

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          Abstract

          Invasive predators can have dramatic impacts on invaded communities. Extreme declines in macroinvertebrate populations often follow killer shrimp ( Dikerogammarus villosus) invasions. There are concerns over similar impacts on fish through predation of eggs and larvae, but these remain poorly quantified. We compare the predatory impact of invasive and native amphipods ( D. villosus and Gammarus pulex) on fish eggs and larvae (ghost carp Cyprinus carpio and brown trout Salmo trutta) in the laboratory. We use size-matched amphipods, as well as larger D. villosus reflecting natural sizes. We quantify functional responses, and electivity amongst eggs or larvae and alternative food items (invertebrate, plant and decaying leaf). D. villosus, especially large individuals, were more likely than G. pulex to kill trout larvae. However, the magnitude of predation was low (seldom more than one larva killed over 48 h). Trout eggs were very rarely killed. In contrast, carp eggs and larvae were readily killed and consumed by all amphipod groups. Large D. villosus had maximum feeding rates 1.6–2.0 times higher than the smaller amphipods, whose functional responses did not differ. In electivity experiments with carp eggs, large D. villosus consumed the most eggs and the most food in total. However, in experiments with larvae, consumption did not differ between amphipod groups. Overall, our data suggest D. villosus will have a greater predatory impact on fish populations than G. pulex, primarily due to its larger size. Higher invader abundance could amplify this difference. The additional predatory pressure could reduce recruitment into fish populations.

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          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1265-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100.

          Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.
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            Some Characteristics of Simple Types of Predation and Parasitism

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              The need for evidence-based conservation.

              Much of current conservation practice is based upon anecdote and myth rather than upon the systematic appraisal of the evidence, including experience of others who have tackled the same problem. We suggest that this is a major problem for conservationists and requires a rethinking of the manner in which conservation operates. There is an urgent need for mechanisms that review available information and make recommendations to practitioners. We suggest a format for web-based databases that could provide the required information in accessible form.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                a.dunn@leeds.ac.uk
                Journal
                Biol Invasions
                Biol. Invasions
                Biological Invasions
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                1387-3547
                1573-1464
                8 September 2016
                8 September 2016
                2017
                : 19
                : 1
                : 89-107
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.9909.9, ISNI 0000000419368403, School of Biology and water@leeds, , University of Leeds, ; Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
                Article
                1265
                10.1007/s10530-016-1265-4
                7175601
                fb74471d-01df-406a-b563-34af490f29f0
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 1 April 2016
                : 26 August 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270, Natural Environment Research Council;
                Award ID: NE/G015201/1
                Award ID: 1299825
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

                dikerogammarus,predatory functional response,invasive species,impact,body size

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