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      Microwave Imaging of Breast Skin Utilizing Elliptical UWB Antenna and Reverse Problems Algorithm

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          Abstract

          Skin cancer is one of the most widespread and fast growing of all kinds of cancer since it affects the human body easily due to exposure to the Sun’s rays. Microwave imaging has shown better outcomes with higher resolution, faster processing time, mobility, and less cutter and artifact effects. A miniaturized elliptical ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna and its semi-spherical array arrangement were used for signal transmission and reception from the defected locations in the breast skin. Several conditions such as various arrays of three, six, and nine antenna elements, smaller tumor, multi-tumors, and skin on a larger breast sample of 30 cm were considered. To assess the ability of the system, a breast shape container with a diameter of 130 mm and height of 60 mm was 3D printed and then filled with fabricated skin and breast fat to perform the experimental investigation. An improved modified time-reversal algorithm (IMTR) was used to recreate 2D images of tumors with the smallest radius of 1.75 mm in any location within the breast skin. The reconstructed images using both simulated and experimental data verified that the system can be a reliable imaging system for skin cancer diagnosis having a high structural similarity index and resolution.

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          Most cited references52

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          Time reversal of ultrasonic fields. I. Basic principles.

          M. Fink (1992)
          Time reversal of ultrasonic fields represents a way to focus through an inhomogeneous medium. This may be accomplished by a time-reversal mirror (TRM) made from an array of transmit-receive transducers that respond linearly and allow the incident acoustic pressure to be sampled. The pressure field is then time-reversed and re-emitted. This process can be used to focus through inhomogeneous media on a reflective target that behaves as an acoustic source after being insonified. The time-reversal approach is introduced in a discussion of the classical techniques used for focusing pulsed waves through inhomogeneous media (adaptive time-delay techniques). Pulsed wave time-reversal focusing is shown using reciprocity valid in inhomogeneous medium to be optimal in the sense that it realizes the spatial-temporal matched filter to the inhomogeneous propagation transfer function between the array and the target. The research on time-reversed wave fields has also led to the development of new concepts that are described: time-reversal cavity that extends the concept of the TRM, and iterative time-reversal processing for automatic sorting of targets according to their reflectivity and resonating of extended targets.
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            A confocal microwave imaging algorithm for breast cancer detection

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              Ultrasonic beam focusing through tissue inhomogeneities with a time reversal mirror: application to transskull therapy

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Micromachines (Basel)
                Micromachines (Basel)
                micromachines
                Micromachines
                MDPI
                2072-666X
                31 May 2021
                June 2021
                : 12
                : 6
                : 647
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Center for Advanced Computing Technolgy (C-ACT), Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka 76100, Malaysia; asmala@ 123456utem.edu.my
                [2 ]Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Durian Tunggal, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
                [3 ]Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; tale_g03470@ 123456utp.edu.my
                [4 ]James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; muhammad.imran@ 123456glasgow.ac.uk (M.A.I.); Qammer.Abbasi@ 123456glasgow.ac.uk (Q.H.A.)
                [5 ]Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7114-4982
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1467-405X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0995-3364
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-9969
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-9136
                Article
                micromachines-12-00647
                10.3390/mi12060647
                8229570
                34073105
                fb74856d-a47f-4a17-89d6-b4d2394bbf01
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 14 April 2021
                : 12 May 2021
                Categories
                Article

                uwb antennas,skin cancer,reverse problems,microwave imaging

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