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      Effects of Plyometric Training on Sprint Running Performance in Boys Aged 9–12 Years

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          Abstract

          Skilled sprinting is fundamental in many sports, especially to improve athletic performance in youth. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effect of plyometric training on sprint performance in boys aged 9–12 years. Twenty boys were divided into a plyometric training group ( n = 9) and a control training group ( n = 11). In both groups, participants performed respective training programs once per week for 8 weeks with measurements at baseline and post-intervention. Sprint performance was assessed by 50-m sprint time, sprint velocity, step frequency and step length at 10-m intervals. Jumping performance was assessed using horizontal, vertical and rebound jumps. The plyometric training group showed an improved sprint velocity at 20–30 m, 30–40 m and 40–50 m, and step length at 0–10 m, 20–30 m and 30–40 m ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, only the plyometric group showed an increased standing long jump distance and rebound jump performance ( p < 0.05). The control group did not show any significant changes in any variable. Our findings suggest that plyometric training in pre-adolescent boys improves sprint velocity and step length at the maximum velocity phase concomitant with increased horizontal and rebound jump performance.

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          A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping

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            Assessing muscular strength in youth: usefulness of standing long jump as a general index of muscular fitness.

            The purpose of the present study was to examine the association among different measures of lower body muscular strength in children, and the association between measures of lower- and upper-body muscular strength. The study population comprises 94 (45 girls) healthy Caucasian children aged 6-17 years. Children performed several lower body explosive muscular strength tests (i.e., standing long jump [SLJ], vertical jump, squat jump, and countermovement jump) and upper body muscular strength tests (i.e., throw basketball, push-ups, and isometric strength exercises). The association among the study tests was analyzed by multiple regression. The SLJ was strongly associated with other lower body muscular strength tests (R = 0.829-0.864), and with upper body muscular strength tests (R = 0.694-0.851). The SLJ test might be therefore considered a general index of muscular fitness in youth. The SLJ test is practical, time efficient, and low in cost and equipment requirements.
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              Interaction of step length and step rate during sprint running.

              A "negative interaction" between step length and step rate refers to an increase in one factor resulting in a decrease in the other. There were three main purposes: a) to investigate the relative influence of the determinants of step length and step rate, b) to determine the sources of negative interaction between step length and step rate, and c) to investigate the effects of manipulation of this interaction. Thirty-six athletes performed maximal-effort sprints. Video and ground reaction force data were collected at the 16-m mark. Sprint velocity, step length, step rate, and their underlying determinants were calculated. Analyses included correlations, multiple linear regressions, paired t-tests, and a simple simulation based on alterations in flight determining parameters. A wide range of step length and step rate combinations was evident, even for subgroups of athletes with similar sprint velocities. This was partly due to a negative interaction that existed between step length and step rate; that is, those athletes who used a longer step length tended to have a lower step rate and vice versa. Vertical velocity of takeoff was the most prominent source of the negative interaction. Leg length, height of takeoff, and vertical velocity of takeoff are all possible sources of a negative interaction between step length and step rate. The very high step lengths and step rates achieved by elite sprinters may be possible only by a technique that involves a high horizontal and low vertical velocity of takeoff. However, a greater vertical velocity of takeoff might be of advantage when an athlete is fatigued and struggling to maintain a high step rate.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sports (Basel)
                Sports (Basel)
                sports
                Sports
                MDPI
                2075-4663
                10 October 2019
                October 2019
                : 7
                : 10
                : 219
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; sh0037xp@ 123456ed.ritsumei.ac.jp
                [2 ]Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: safujita@ 123456fc.ritsumei.ac.jp ; Tel.: +81-77-561-3760; Fax: +81-77-561-3761
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5735-5601
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2297-1647
                Article
                sports-07-00219
                10.3390/sports7100219
                6836236
                31658656
                fb74b964-3f65-45f8-94ea-3c1d47b4057e
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 11 September 2019
                : 04 October 2019
                Categories
                Article

                sprint performance,peak height velocity,youth sports,maximal sprint velocity,step frequency,step length

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