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      Does tramadol affect coagulation status of patients with malignancy?

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          Abstract

          Aim:

          The study investigated the direct effects of tramadol on the coagulation status of women with gynecologic malignancies in vitro.

          Materials and Methods:

          Citrated whole-blood samples from 21 patients with gynecologic tumors were spiked ex vivo with 2 or 6 μl/ml tramadol. Thrombelastography (TEG) analysis was performed using ROTEM ® to assess clotting time (CT), clot formation time (CFT) and maximum clot formation (MCF).

          Results:

          In the INTEM assay, CT ( P < 0.05) and CFT ( P < 0.01) were significantly prolonged with tramadol at a 6 μl/ml concentration compared with baseline. There were no significant differences in MCF values between the baseline and the tramadol-treated samples ( P > 0.05). Blood medicated with tramadol (6 μl/ml) clotted slowly (increased CT and CFT).

          Conclusion:

          The changes observed by TEG demonstrated that tramadol impairs hemostasis in a concentration-dependent manner in the whole blood of women with gynecologic malignancies in vitro.

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          Most cited references15

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          Laboratory investigation of hypercoagulability in cancer patients using rotation thrombelastography.

          The goal of this study was laboratory testing for hypercoagulability in patients with solid tumors using rotation thrombelastogram (ROTEM) and correlate ROTEM parameters with routine coagulation tests. A total of 78 untreated patients with cancer were included: 28 gastrointestinal system tumors (group 1), 27 respiratory system tumors (group 2), and 23 miscellaneus group of ovarian, renal, nasopharyngeal, mesothelioma, and unknown origin (group 3). Platelet count was significantly increased in group 2 in respect to group 3 (P 0.7) and CFT in all assays (INTEM, EXTEM, FIBTEM, APTEM). There were also statistically significant correlations between platelet number and other ROTEM parameters (INTEM-CFT, -MCF, EXTEM-CFT, -MCF, FIBTEM-MCF, APTEM-CFT, -MCF). In conclusions, our data demonstrates thromboelastographic signs of hypercoagulability in patients with solid tumors. ROTEM is able to identify the contribution of fibrinogen and platelets to clot strength in this patient population.
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            Does thromboelastography predict postoperative thromboembolic events? A systematic review of the literature.

            Since thromboelastography (TEG) can detect hypercoagulable states, it is a potentially useful test for predicting postoperative thromboembolic complications. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the accuracy of TEG in predicting postoperative thromboembolic events. PUBMED and EMBASE electronic databases were searched by two independent investigators to identify prospective studies involving adult patients undergoing operative procedures in which a TEG test was performed perioperatively and outcomes were measured by reference standards. The quality of included studies was assessed and measures of diagnostic test accuracy were estimated for each included study. Ten studies (with a total of 1056 patients) were included in this analysis; however, only five reported measures of TEG test accuracy. The overall quality of the studies and level of diagnostic evaluation of the studies were highly variable, from poor to good. As there were variations in the definition of hypercoagulability, TEG methodology and patient characteristics, reference standards used and outcomes measured, a meta-analysis was not undertaken. The sensitivity and specificity ranged from 0% to 100% and 62% to 92%, respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio ranged from 1.5 to 27.7; area under the curve ranged from 0.57 to 0.91. Of the TEG variables, maximum amplitude seems to be the best parameter to identify hypercoagulable states and to predict thromboembolic events. The predictive accuracy of TEG for postoperative thromboembolic events is highly variable. To determine if the TEG is a clinically useful screening test in high-risk surgical populations, more prospective studies are needed.
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              Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.

              In most cancer patients, pain is successfully treated with pharmacological measures such as opioid analgesics alone or opioid analgesics combined with adjuvant analgesics (co-analgesics). Opioids for mild-to-moderate pain (formerly called weak opioids) are usually recommended in the treatment of cancer pain of moderate intensity. There is a debate whether the second step of the WHO analgesic ladder, which, in Poland, is composed of opioids such as tramadol, codeine, dihydrocodeine (DHC), is still needed for cancer pain treatment. One of the most interesting and useful drugs in this group is tramadol. Its unique mechanism of action, analgesic efficacy and profile of adverse effects are responsible for its successful use in patients with different types of acute and chronic pain, including neuropathic pain. The aim of this article is to summarize the data regarding pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, possible drug interactions, adverse effects, dosing guidelines, equipotency with other opioid analgesics and clinical studies comparing efficacy, adverse reactions and safety of tramadol to other opioids in cancer pain treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Indian J Pharmacol
                Indian J Pharmacol
                IJPharm
                Indian Journal of Pharmacology
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                0253-7613
                1998-3751
                Jul-Aug 2014
                : 46
                : 4
                : 413-415
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical School, Eskisehir, Turkey
                [1 ]Department of Hematology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical School, Eskisehir, Turkey
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr. Dilek Ceyhan, E-mail: dceyhan@ 123456ogu.edu.tr
                Article
                IJPharm-46-413
                10.4103/0253-7613.135954
                4118535
                fb79ace8-c8ba-4c5b-b323-66e9e8912d7d
                Copyright: © Indian Journal of Pharmacology

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 21 November 2013
                : 04 February 2014
                : 19 May 2014
                Categories
                Research Article

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                coagulation,malignancy,thromboelastography,tramadol
                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                coagulation, malignancy, thromboelastography, tramadol

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