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      Leave or stay? Video-logger revealed foraging efficiency of humpback whales under temporal change in prey density

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          Abstract

          Central place foraging theory (CPF) has been used to predict the optimal patch residence time for air-breathing marine predators in response to patch quality. Humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae) forage on densely aggregated prey, which may induce drastic change in prey density in a single feeding event. Thus, the decision whether to leave or stay after each feeding event in a single dive in response to this drastic change, should have a significant effect on prey exploitation efficiency. However, whether humpback whales show adaptive behavior in response to the diminishing prey density in a single dive has been technically difficult to test. Here, we studied the foraging behavior of humpback whales in response to change in prey density in a single dive and calculated the efficiency of each foraging dive using a model based on CPF approach. Using animal-borne accelerometers and video loggers attached to whales, foraging behavior and change in relative prey density in front of the whales were successfully quantified. Results showed diminishing rate of energy intake in consecutive feeding events, and humpback whales efficiently fed by bringing the rate of energy intake close to maximum in a single dive cycle. This video-based method also enabled us to detect the presence of other animals around the tagged whales, showing an interesting trend in behavioral changes where feeding duration was shorter when other animals were present. Our results have introduced a new potential to quantitatively investigate the effect of other animals on free-ranging top predators in the context of optimal foraging theory.

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          Most cited references31

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          A digital acoustic recording tag for measuring the response of wild marine mammals to sound

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            The Role of Time and Energy in Food Preference

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              The physiological basis of diving to depth: birds and mammals.

              There is wide diversity in the animals that dive to depth and in the distribution of their body oxygen stores. A hallmark of animals diving to depth is a substantial elevation of muscle myoglobin concentration. In deep divers, more than 80% of the oxygen store is in the blood and muscles. How these oxygen stores are managed, particularly within muscle, is unclear. The aerobic endurance of four species has now been measured. These measurements provide a standard for other species in which the limits cannot be measured. Diving to depth requires several adaptations to the effects of pressure. In mammals, one adaptation is lung collapse at shallow depths, which limits absorption of nitrogen. Blood N2 levels remain below the threshold for decompression sickness. No such adaptive model is known for birds. There appear to be two diving strategies used by animals that dive to depth. Seals, for example, seldom rely on anaerobic metabolism. Birds, on the other hand, frequently rely on anaerobic metabolism to exploit prey-rich depths otherwise unavailable to them.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                5 February 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 2
                : e0211138
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
                [2 ] National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Japan
                [3 ] The University of Iceland’s Research Center in Húsavík, Húsavík, Iceland
                [4 ] Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Bute Building, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
                Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5154-4046
                Article
                PONE-D-18-22929
                10.1371/journal.pone.0211138
                6363283
                30721236
                fb8644b1-7d0f-48b7-89ba-11347955d97f
                © 2019 Akiyama et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 6 August 2018
                : 8 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 3, Pages: 21
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science;
                Award ID: 17H00776
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Bio-Logging Science, The University of Tokyo
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Japan Science and Technology Agency
                Award ID: JPMJCR11A1
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grant number 17H00776 to K.S.); Bio-Logging Science, The University of Tokyo to K.S.; the Japan Science and Technology Agency (grant number JPMJCR11A1 to T.A.); and the University of Iceland’s research fund to M.H.R.; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Bilateral Open Partnership Joint Research Program, to K.S. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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