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      Kinematic analysis and self-perceived exertion during the walking gait with a backpack in Brazilian scholars

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          Abstract

          Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different backpack loads on the walking gait kinematics and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in Brazilian scholars. Methods: The sample was composed of 25 male children and adolescents, from 10 to 14 years. The mean body mass and height were 45.3 kg ± 10.6 kg and 1.51 m ± 0.08 m, respectively. For the walking gait assessment, a tridimensional analysis system was used. In the backpack conditions, loads of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were applied according to the body weight of everyone. Kinematic variables and angular amplitudes of head, shoulders, thorax, pelvis, and knees in the sagittal plane were collected. The OMNI scale was used to assess the RPE. Results: The loads of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% promoted postural adjustments and alterations in the walking gait, in which the RPE presented a correlation with those alterations. The step in the left cycle altered from the baseline in the 5% (p = 0.006). The stride length altered from baseline in the 5% (p = 0.030) and 10% (p < 0.001) load conditions. The single support time was different from baseline in all conditions (p = 0.003; p = 0.012; p = 0.005; p = 0.006). The walking gait cadence was different in the comparison between baseline in the 5% (p = 0.003). Thorax amplitude altered in the 10% (p = 0.023), 15% (p = 0.033) and 20% (p = 0.005) load conditions in the left cycle. Conclusion: We concluded that the posture, RPE, and the gait kinematic altered according to the increase in the backpack load.

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          Backpacks on! Schoolchildren's perceptions of load, associations with back pain and factors determining the load.

          A cross-sectional study was conducted. To investigate schoolchildren's subjective perceptions of their daily backpack loads, to ascertain whether an association exists between these sensations or the load itself and back pain, and to identify the school, family, and personal factors that determine the backpack load, and that might, with a view to primary prevention, be addressed with specific interventions. Backpack carrying has been shown to constitute a considerable daily "occupational" load of the spine in schoolchildren. Although society perceives backpack carrying as a problem, the scientific community currently offers very few answers. The backpack load borne by schoolchildren exceeds, proportionally, the legal load-bearing limits set for adults, and the association with low back pain is questioned. All the backpacks of the 237 year 6 children in a school catchment area of Milan were weighed on six school days. The data were analyzed in groups according to the schools and classes involved, the single children, and the days of the week. A validated questionnaire also was administered to 115 schoolchildren (54 boys and 61 girls; average age, 11.7 years) whose anthropometric characteristics and loads carried daily were known. The associations among features of backpack carrying, subjective perceptions of the load (fatigue, feeling it to be heavy, pain) and back pain (point and life prevalence) were assessed and verified. School backpacks are felt to be heavy by 79.1% of children, to cause fatigue by 65.7%, and to cause back pain by 46.1%. Fatigue during and time spent backpack carrying, but not the backpack's weight, are associated with back pain. The determining factors were found to be classes (e.g., range, 8.87-10.59 kg), days of the week (e.g., range, 5.75-12.74 kg.), and single students (e.g., range, 4.2-9.5 kg.), but not individual schools. Daily backpack carrying is a frequent cause of discomfort for schoolchildren. There is an association between this load and back pain, although the relationship is not direct. The results suggest the existence of personal physical and psychological factors that need to be investigated. Reduction of the daily backpack load borne by schoolchildren is recommended both on the basis of the current results and because it exceeds, proportionally, the legal load limits set for adults. All the different parties involved (school system, parents, children) play a role, and if the aim is to reduce this "weight of culture," all should be targeted through specific interventions. Recommendations are supplied for the achievement of this aim.
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            Gait and posture responses to backpack load during level walking in children.

            Eleven primary school boys aged between 9 and 10 years old completed carrying backpack loads of 0, 10, 15, and 20% of their body weight while level walking using natural cadence. Stride and temporal parameters, trunk lean angles and trunk motion range were analyzed. The results showed that both the backpack load and walking distance exerted no significant influence on stride and temporal parameters. However, when compared with the 0, 10 and 15% load conditions, the 20% load induced a significant increase (P<0.05) in trunk inclination. If trunk inclination is taken as the criteria to determine permissible backpack loads for children, those loads should not exceed 15% body weight. In addition, walking distance should be considered when permissible loads are determined.
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              Children???s OMNI Scale of Perceived Exertion: walking/running evaluation

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                motriz
                Motriz: Revista de Educação Física
                Motriz: rev. educ. fis.
                Universidade Estadual Paulista (Rio Claro, SP, Brazil )
                1980-6574
                2022
                : 28
                : e10220015721
                Affiliations
                [1] Maringá Paraná orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Maringá orgdiv1Departamento de Educação Física Brazil
                Article
                S1980-65742022000100903 S1980-6574(22)02800000903
                10.1590/s1980-657420220015721
                fb9cf3af-fa20-4012-93fc-f03a33de0132

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 06 March 2022
                : 27 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Neural Control of Movement

                posture,gait,backpack,children,ratings of perceived exertion

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