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      The intriguing relationship between coronary heart disease and mental disorders Translated title: La intrigante relación entre enfermedad coronaria y trastornos mentale Translated title: Le lien surprenant entre la maladie coronaire et les troubles mentaux

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          Abstract

          Coronary heart disease (CHD) and mental illness are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Decades of research has revealed several, and sometimes surprising, links between CHD and mental illness, and has even suggested that both may actually cause one another. However, the precise nature of these links has not yet been clearly established. The goal of this paper, therefore, is to comprehensively review and discuss the state-of-the-art nature of the epidemiological and pathophysiological aspects of the bidirectional links between mental illness and CHD. This review demonstrates that there exists a large body of epidemiological prospective data showing that people with severe mental illness, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, as a group, have an increased risk of developing CHD, compared with controls [adjusted hazard ratio (adjHR)=1.54; 95% CI: 1.30-1.82, P<0.0001]. Anxiety symptoms or disorders (Relative Risk (RR)=1.41, 95% CI: 1.23-1.61, P<0.0001), as well as experiences of persistent or intense stress or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (adjHR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.08-1.49), although to a lesser degree, may also be independently associated with an increased risk of developing CHD. On the other hand, research also indicates that these symptoms/mental diseases are common in patients with CHD and may be associated with a substantial increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Finally, mental diseases and CHD appear to have a shared etiology, including biological, behavioral, psychological, and genetic mechanisms.

          Translated abstract

          La enfermedad coronaria (EC) y los trastornos mentales están entre las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo. Décadas de investigación han revelado varias relaciones, y a veces sorprendentes, entre EC y enfermedad mental e incluso se ha sugerido que ambas pueden ser causa una de la otra. Sin embargo, aún no se ha establecido claramente la naturaleza precisa de estas relaciones. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es revisar y discutir de manera comprensible el estado del arte de la naturaleza de los aspectos epidemiológicos y fisiopatológicos de las relaciones bidireccionales entre la enfermedad mental y la EC. Esta revisión demuestra que existe un gran conjunto de datos epidemiológicos prospectivos que encuentran que las personas con enfermedades mentales graves, incluyendo esquizofrenia, trastorno bipolar y trastorno depresivo, como grupo, tienen un riesgo aumentado de desarrollar EC, en comparación con controles [razón de riesgo ajustada (RRa)=1,54; 95% CI: 1,30-1,82; P<0,0001]. Aunque en menor grado, tanto los síntomas ansiosos o trastornos de ansiedad [Riesgo relativo (RR)= 1,41, 95% CI: 1,23-1,61; P<0,0001], como las experiencias de estrés intenso o persistente, o el trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT) (RRa=1,27, 95% CI: 1,08-1,49), también pueden estar asociados de manera independiente con un riesgo aumentado de desarrollar EC. Por otra parte, la investigación también indica que estos síntomas o patologías mentales son comunes en pacientes con EC y pueden estar asociadas con un aumento significativo de la morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular. Por último, las enfermedades mentales y la EC parecen tener una etiología compartida, incluyendo mecanismos biológicos, conductuales y psicologicos.

          Translated abstract

          La maladie coronaire (MC) et la maladie mentale font partie des principales causes de morbidité et de mortalité dans le monde. Des décennies de recherche ont montré plusieurs liens, parfois surprenants, entre les deux et ont même suggéré qu'en fait, l'un pouvait entraîner l'autre et réciproquement. La nature de ces liens n'est cependant pas claire. Cet article a donc pour but d'analyser de façon exhaustive et de discuter les connaissances épidémiologiques et physiopathologiques les plus récentes concernant les liens bidirectionnels entre la maladie mentale et la MC. Dans cet article, de nombreuses données épidémiologiques prospectives montrent que le risque de développer une MC chez les sujets atteints de maladie mentale sévère comme la schizophrénie, les troubles bipolaires et les troubles dépressifs majeurs, en tant que groupe, est augmenté comparé au risque de sujets témoins (Rapport de risque ajusté HR adj = 1,54 ; IC 95 % ; 1,3-1,82 p<0,0001). Les troubles ou symptômes anxieux (Risque relatif RR = 1,41 ; IC 95 %: 1,23-1,61 p<0,0001) de même que les expériences de stress intense ou persistant ou les troubles de stress post-traumatique (TSPT) (HR adj =1,27 ; IC 95 %: 1,08-1,49), bien qu'a un moindre degré, peuvent aussi être associés de façon indépendante à un risque augmenté de développer une MC. D'un autre côté, d'après la recherche, ces symptômes/troubles mentaux sont courants chez les patients atteints de MC et peuvent s'associer à une morbidité et mortalité cardiovasculaires augmentées de façon importante. Enfin, les troubles mentaux et la MC semblent partager des facteurs étiologiques communs, y compris par des mécanismes biologiques, comportementaux, psychologiques et génétiques.

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          Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies.

          With negative treatment trials, the role of depression as an aetiological or prognostic factor in coronary heart disease (CHD) remains controversial. We quantified the effect of depression on CHD, assessing the extent of confounding by coronary risk factors and disease severity. Meta-analysis of cohort studies measuring depression with follow-up for fatal CHD/incident myocardial infarction (aetiological) or all-cause mortality/fatal CHD (prognostic). We searched MEDLINE and Science Citation Index until December 2003. In 21 aetiological studies, the pooled relative risk of future CHD associated with depression was 1.81 (95% CI 1.53-2.15). Adjusted results were included for 11 studies, with adjustment reducing the crude effect marginally from 2.08 (1.69-2.55) to 1.90 (1.49-2.42). In 34 prognostic studies, the pooled relative risk was 1.80 (1.50-2.15). Results adjusted for left ventricular function result were available in only eight studies; and this attenuated the relative risk from 2.18 to 1.53 (1.11-2.10), a 48% reduction. Both aetiological and prognostic studies without adjusted results had lower unadjusted effect sizes than studies from which adjusted results were included (P<0.01). Depression has yet to be established as an independent risk factor for CHD because of incomplete and biased availability of adjustment for conventional risk factors and severity of coronary disease.
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            State of the Art Review: Depression, Stress, Anxiety, and Cardiovascular Disease.

            The notion that psychological states can influence physical health is hardly new, and perhaps nowhere has the mind-body connection been better studied than in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recently, large prospective epidemiologic studies and smaller basic science studies have firmly established a connection between CVD and several psychological conditions, including depression, chronic psychological stress, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety. In addition, numerous clinical trials have been conducted to attempt to prevent or lessen the impact of these conditions on cardiovascular health. In this article, we review studies connecting depression, stress/PTSD, and anxiety to CVD, focusing on findings from the last 5 years. For each mental health condition, we first examine the epidemiologic evidence establishing a link with CVD. We then describe studies of potential underlying mechanisms and finally discuss treatment trials and directions for future research.
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              Effects of antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers on risk for physical diseases in people with schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder.

              People with severe mental illness have a considerably shorter lifespan than the general population. This excess mortality is mainly due to physical illness. Next to mental illness-related factors, unhealthy lifestyle, and disparities in health care access and utilization, psychotropic medications can contribute to the risk of physical morbidity and mortality. We systematically reviewed the effects of antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers on physical health outcomes in people with schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder. Updating and expanding our prior systematic review published in this journal, we searched MEDLINE (November 2009 - November 2014), combining the MeSH terms of major physical disease categories (and/or relevant diseases within these categories) with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, and the three major psychotropic classes which received regulatory approval for these disorders, i.e., antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers. We gave precedence to results from (systematic) reviews and meta-analyses wherever possible. Antipsychotics, and to a more restricted degree antidepressants and mood stabilizers, are associated with an increased risk for several physical diseases, including obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, hyponatremia; cardiovascular, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal, haematological, musculoskeletal and renal diseases, as well as movement and seizure disorders. Higher dosages, polypharmacy, and treatment of vulnerable (e.g., old or young) individuals are associated with greater absolute (elderly) and relative (youth) risk for most of these physical diseases. To what degree medication-specific and patient-specific risk factors interact, and how adverse outcomes can be minimized, allowing patients to derive maximum benefits from these medications, requires adequate clinical attention and further research.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                March 2018
                March 2018
                : 20
                : 1
                : 31-40
                Affiliations
                Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre, Kortenberg, Belgium, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
                Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre, Kortenberg, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
                Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.1/mdehert
                6016051
                29946209
                fbaabd87-92f7-472f-a24c-9fc8797e50a3
                Copyright: © 2018 AICH - Servier Research Group. All rights reserved

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Translational Research

                Neurosciences
                anxiety disorder,bipolar disorder,coronary heart disease,depression,epidemiology,mental disorder,pathophysiology,posttraumatic stress disorder,schizophrenia,severe mental illness

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