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      Optimization of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester and Design of a Charge Pump Converter for CMOS-MEMS Monolithic Integration †

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          Abstract

          The increasing interest in the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to the rapid development of low-power sensors and wireless networks. However, there are still several barriers that make a global deployment of the IoT difficult. One of these issues is the energy dependence, normally limited by the capacitance of the batteries. A promising solution to provide energy autonomy to the IoT nodes is to harvest residual energy from ambient sources, such as motion, vibrations, light, or heat. Mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy by using piezoelectric transducers. The piezoelectric generators provide an alternating electrical signal that must be rectified and, therefore, needs a power management circuit to adapt the output to the operating voltage of the IoT devices. The bonding and packaging of the different components constitute a large part of the cost of the manufacturing process of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and integrated circuits. This could be reduced by using a monolithic integration of the generator together with the circuitry in a single chip. In this work, we report the optimization, fabrication, and characterization of a vibration-driven piezoelectric MEMS energy harvester, and the design and simulation of a charge-pump converter based on a standard complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Finally, we propose combining MEMS and CMOS technologies to obtain a fully integrated system that includes the piezoelectric generator device and the charge-pump converter circuit without the need of external components. This solution opens new doors to the development of low-cost autonomous smart dust devices.

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          A study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes

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            A piezoelectric vibration based generator for wireless electronics

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              A Review of Power Harvesting from Vibration Using Piezoelectric Materials

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                sensors
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                MDPI
                1424-8220
                21 April 2019
                April 2019
                : 19
                : 8
                : 1895
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Micro and Nanoengineering, Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Marcos.Duque@ 123456imb-cnm.csic.es (M.D.); Jordi.sacristan@ 123456imb-cnm.csic.es (J.S.); Jaume.Esteve@ 123456imb-cnm.csic.es (J.E.)
                [2 ]Postgrado en Nanotecnología, Universidad de Sonora (Unison), Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico; eleonsal@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Gonzalo.murillo@ 123456csic.es ; Tel.: +34-93-594-77-00
                [†]

                This paper is an extended version of the conference paper: Towards the Monolithic Integration of Converter Circuitry and Piezoelectric MEMS Energy Harvesters. In Proceedings of the EUROSENSORS 2018, Graz, Austria, 9–12 September 2018.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-2406
                Article
                sensors-19-01895
                10.3390/s19081895
                6515215
                31010076
                fbdf9023-cce1-400e-8671-f08e064caaf8
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 11 February 2019
                : 19 April 2019
                Categories
                Article

                Biomedical engineering
                iot,mems,energy harvesting,monolithic integration,piezoelectric,cmos,charge pump,self-powered,power management,aln

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