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      Factors related to periodontal disease in a rural population Translated title: Fatores associados à doença periodontal em uma população rural

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          Abstract

          To estimate the prevalence and related aspects of periodontitis in a rural area of the State of Bahia, Brazil, this cross-sectional study was carried out in the village of Matinha dos Pretos, Feira de Santana County, Bahia, among 172 subjects ranging from 20 to 60 years of age. During household visits, a full-mouth periodontal exam was performed on each subject, who also answered a questionnaire about socio-demographic, economic and health-related issues. The factors assessed were plaque index, bleeding on probing index, probing depth, gingival recession or hyperplasia measurements. Clinical attachment loss was also calculated. The multivariate logistic regression method was used to evaluate the relative contribution of these factors to the periodontitis condition. The prevalence of periodontitis was 24.4%. The following factors were all positively associated with the presence of periodontitis: being male (OR = 1.58; 1.00 - 2.53), being 30 years of age or older (OR = 2.80; 1.00 - 7.39), living in a house where there was more than one person per room (OR = 1.53; 0.96 - 2.45), being a cigarette or pipe smoker or ex-smoker (OR = 1.49; 0.92 - 2.39), having a plaque index of over 65% (OR = 2.97; 2.72 - 7.39) and more than four missing teeth (OR = 1.51; 0.82 - 2.78). The authors concluded that socioeconomic and biological factors, especially poor oral hygiene and older age, are positively associated with periodontitis in the rural population of a small village in the county of Feira de Santana, State of Bahia, Brazil.

          Translated abstract

          Para estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à periodontite em uma área rural do Estado da Bahia foi realizado um estudo transversal com 172 indivíduos, de 20 a 60 anos de idade residentes no povoado de Matinha dos Pretos, Feira de Santana (BA). Durante visitas domiciliares, um exame clínico periodontal completo foi realizado para cada indivíduo, que também respondeu a um questionário a respeito de fatores sociodemográficos, econômicos e relacionados à saúde. Foram avaliados índice de placa, índice de sangramento à sondagem, profundidade de sondagem, medidas de recessão ou hiperplasia e calculada a perda de inserção clínica. Utilizou-se análise de regressão logística multivariada para avaliar a contribuição relativa desses fatores para a periodontite. A prevalência da doença periodontal foi de 24,42%. Ser homem (OR = 1,58; 1,00 - 2,53), ter 30 anos ou mais de idade (OR = 2,80; 1,00 - 7,39), residir em casas com mais de uma pessoa por cômodo (OR = 1,53; 0,96 - 2,45), fumar ou ser ex-fumante de cigarro ou cachimbo (OR = 1,49; 0,92 - 2,39), ter índice de placa maior do que 65% (OR = 2,97; 2,72 - 7,39) e mais de quatro dentes ausentes (OR = 1,51; 0,82 - 2,78) estiveram associados positivamente com a presença de doença. Concluiu-se que fatores socioeconômicos e biológicos, especialmente a higiene bucal inadequada e idade elevada, estão associados positivamente com a presença de periodontite na população rural de um povoado no Estado da Bahia, Brasil.

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            Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions.

            G Armitage (2015)
            Classification systems are necessary in order to provide a framework in which to scientifically study the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of diseases in an orderly fashion. In addition, such systems give clinicians a way to organize the health care needs of their patients. The last time scientists and clinicians in the field of periodontology and related areas agreed upon a classification system for periodontal diseases was in 1989 at the World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics. Subsequently, a simpler classification was agreed upon at the 1st European Workshop in Periodontology. These classification systems have been widely used by clinicians and research scientists throughout the world. Unfortunately, the 1989 classification had many shortcomings, including: (1) considerable overlap in disease categories, (2) absence of a gingival disease component, (3) inappropriate emphasis on age of onset of disease and rates of progression, and (4) inadequate or unclear classification criteria. The 1993 European classification lacked the detail necessary for adequate characterization of the broad spectrum of periodontal diseases encountered in clinical practice. The need for a revised classification system for periodontal diseases was emphasized during the 1996 World Workshop in Periodontics. In 1997 the American Academy of Periodontology responded to this need and formed a committee to plan and organize an international workshop to revise the classification system for periodontal diseases. The proceedings in this volume are the result of this reclassification effort. The process involved development by the Organizing Committee of an outline for a new classification and identification of individuals to write state-of-the-science reviews for each of the items on the outline. The reviewers were encouraged to depart from the preliminary outline if there were data to support any modifications. On October 30-November 2, 1999, the International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions was held and a new classification was agreed upon (Figure 1). This paper summarizes how the new classification for periodontal diseases and conditions presented in this volume differs from the classification system developed at the 1989 World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics. In addition, an analysis of the rationale is provided for each of the modifications and changes.
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              Current view of risk factors for periodontal diseases.

              R Genco (1996)
              Peridontal diseases are infections, and many forms of the disease are associated with specific pathogenic bacteria which colonize the subgingival area. At least two of these microorganisms, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, also invade the periodontal tissue and are virulent organisms. Initiation and progression of periodontal infections are clearly modified by local and systemic conditions called risk factors. The local factors include pre-existing disease as evidenced by deep probing depths and plaque retention areas associated with defective restorations. Systemic risk factors recently have been identified by large epidemiologic studies using multifactorial statistical analyses to correct for confounding or associated co-risk factors. Risk factors which we know today as important include diabetes mellitus, especially in individuals in whom metabolic control is poor, and cigarette smoking. These two risk factors markedly affect the initiation and progression of periodontitis, and attempts to manage these factors are now an important component of prevention and treatment of adult periodontitis. Systemic conditions associated with reduced neutrophil numbers or function are also important risk factors in children, juveniles, and young adults. Diseases in which neutrophil dysfunction occurs include the lazy leukocyte syndrome associated with localized juvenile periodontitis, cyclic neutropenia, and congenital neutropenia. Recent studies also point to several potentially important periodontal risk indicators. These include stress and coping behaviors, and osteopenia associated with estrogen deficiency. There are also background determinants associated with periodontal disease including gender (with males having more disease), age (with more disease seen in the elderly), and hereditary factors. The study of risk in periodontal disease is a rapidly emerging field and much is yet to be learned. However, there are at least two significant risk factors-smoking and diabetes-which demand attention in current management of periodontal disease.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bor
                Brazilian Oral Research
                Braz. oral res.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica - SBPqO (São Paulo )
                1807-3107
                September 2006
                : 20
                : 3
                : 257-262
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Brazil
                Article
                S1806-83242006000300014
                10.1590/S1806-83242006000300014
                fbe357d6-4fca-4d1e-a514-50604b06eb13

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1806-8324&lng=en
                Categories
                DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

                Dentistry
                Periodontitis,Prevalence,Risk factors,Periodontite,Prevalência,Fatores de risco
                Dentistry
                Periodontitis, Prevalence, Risk factors, Periodontite, Prevalência, Fatores de risco

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