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      Impacts of mixed farms on water quality of Pinhal river sub-basin, Santa Catarina, Brazil Translated title: Impacto de sistemas de produção pecuários/agrícolas na qualidade da água da sub bacia do rio Pinhal, Santa Catarina, Brasil

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          Abstract

          Brazil is one of the largest producers of food in the world. Agriculture and livestock production are concentrated in certain regions of the country. Livestock has been perceived as a constant threat to the quantity and quality of water resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of mixed farms on superficial water quality in Pinhal River sub-basin, which is located in Concordia, Santa Catarina State. Eight sampling sites representing different land-uses (LU1: dairy cattle; LU2: without animals; LU3: dairy + pigs + poultry + crops; LU4: pigs + poultry + crops; LU5: dairy + pigs + poultry + crops + human; LU6: dairy + pigs + crops; LU7 and LU8: dairy + pigs) were evaluated. These sampling sites were assessed longitudinally and sampled during the summer, spring, autumn, and winter of 2006 to 2009. LU1 presented the worst water quality with high concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand. In this point, cows had access to the river. The highest concentration of nitrate (NO3-N) was found at the estuary of the river. There were higher concentrations of TSS, NO3-N and NO2-N in wet season. At this time, intensive fertilizer application to corn fields is common. Autumn and winter presented the worst water quality with respect to nitrogen concentration. Results showed a strong relationship between the sources of pollution (e.g., cows, pigs and poultries) and water quality. Managing the use of animal manure with optimum chemical fertilizer applications along with riparian fencing may provide important mitigation options for protecting water quality of Pinhal River.

          Translated abstract

          O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de alimentos do mundo. As produções agrícolas e animais estão concentradas em determinadas regiões do país. A pecuária tem sido percebida como uma ameaça constante para a quantidade e a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto de sistemas de produção pecuários/agrícolas na qualidade da água superficial na sub-bacia do Rio Pinhal que está localizado em Concórdia, Santa Catarina. Oito pontos de amostragem, representando diferentes usos da terra (LU1: gado leiteiro; LU2: sem animais; LU3: gado leiteiro + porcos + aves de corte + culturas; LU4: porcos + aves de corte + culturas; LU5: gado leiteiro + porcos + aves de corte + culturas + humanos; LU6: gado leiteiro + porcos + culturas; LU7 e LU8: gado leiteiro + porcos) foram avaliados. As águas foram amostradas durante o verão, outono, primavera e inverno de 2006 a 2009. LU1 apresentou a pior qualidade da água com altas concentrações de sólidos suspensos totais (SST) e demanda química de oxigênio. Neste ponto, os animais tinham acesso ao rio. A maior concentração de nitrato (NO3-N) foi encontrada na foz do rio. Houve maiores concentrações de SST, NO3-N e NO2-N na estação chuvosa. Nesta estação há intensiva aplicação de fertilizantes orgânicos para os campos de milho. Outono e inverno apresentaram a pior qualidade da água em relação à concentração de nitrogênio. Os resultados mostraram forte relação entre as fontes de poluição e qualidade da água. O gerenciando o uso de fertilizantes orgânicos com o de fertilizantes químicos e a recuperação das áreas ripárias são ações mitigatórias importantes para proteger a qualidade da água do rio Pinhal.

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          Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United States

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            Time scales of nutrient losses from land to sea — a European perspective

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              Evaluating river water quality through land use analysis and N budget approaches in livestock farming areas

              This study was carried out to evaluate the quality of river water by analysis of land use in drainage basins and by estimating the N budgets. The drainage basins of Shibetsu River (Shibetsu area) and Bekkanbeushi River (Akkeshi area) in eastern Hokkaido, Japan were selected for a case study, and the evaluation of water quality was up-scaled to the regional level in Hokkaido by using the Arcview/GIS and statistical information. Water sampling was carried out in August 2001 and May 2002 in the Shibetsu and Akkeshi areas, respectively. The proportions of major land uses in drainage basins such as upland field, forest, urban area, wetland and wasteland for each sampling site were estimated by using topographic maps scaled at 1:25,000. The linear regression results showed that the correlation between NO3-N concentration and the proportion of upland in the drainage basins was highly and positively significant for both the Shibetsu area (r = 0.84, n = 57) and the Akkeshi area (r = 0.71, n = 73) at < 0.001 significance level. The regression coefficients or impact factors of river water quality were 0.015 and 0.0052 for the Shibetsu and Akkeshi areas, respectively. A comparison of these results with that of the previous study results in Hokkaido indicated that the impact factors were highest for intensive livestock farming areas (0.040), medium for mixed agriculture and livestock farming (0.020-0.030), and the lowest for grassland-based dairy cattle and horse farming areas (0.0052-0.015). The results of a simple regression analysis showed that the impact factors had a significant positive correlation with the cropland surplus N (r = 0.93, P < 0.01), chemical fertilizer N (r = 0.82, P < 0.05), and manure fertilizer N (r = 0.76, P < 0.05), which were estimated by using the N budget approach. Using the best-correlated regression model, impact factors for all cities, towns and villages of the Hokkaido region were estimated. The NO3-N concentrations for all major rivers in Hokkaido were predicted by multiplying the estimated impact factors by the proportion of uplands. The regression analysis indicated that the predicted NO3-N concentrations were significantly correlated (r = 0.62, P < 0.001, n = 203) with the measured NO3-N concentrations, reported previously. It can be concluded that estimating the proportions of upland fields in drainage basins, and calculating cropland surplus N enables us to predict river water quality with respect to NO3-N concentration.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                azoo
                Archivos de Zootecnia
                Arch. zootec.
                Universidad de Córdoba (Córdoba, ANdalucía, Spain )
                0004-0592
                1885-4494
                December 2012
                : 61
                : 236
                : 493-504
                Affiliations
                [03] Concordia SC orgnameEmbrapa Swine and Poultry Brazil
                [01] São Carlos SP orgnameEmbrapa Cattle Southest Brazil
                [04] Florence SC orgnameUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA) orgdiv1Agricultural Research Service (ARS) orgdiv2Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center USA Gilbert.Sigua@ 123456ARS.USDA.GOV
                [02] Pelotas RS orgnameEmbrapa Temperate Agriculture Brazil
                Article
                S0004-05922012000400002
                10.4321/S0004-05922012000400002
                fc2485ed-70e0-4dea-a1ae-9610dc61fa27

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 May 2011
                : 23 February 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Aves de corte,Dejetos,Gado de leite,Porcos,Dairy,Pig,Poultry,Slurries
                Aves de corte, Dejetos, Gado de leite, Porcos, Dairy, Pig, Poultry, Slurries

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