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      New frontiers in endovascular therapies for locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Translated title: Novas fronteiras em terapias endovasculares para carcinoma hepatocelular localmente avançado

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          Abstract

          Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary malignant liver tumour and is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the advent of screening programmes, most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma are diagnosed late (in an advanced stage) which precludes curative treatments such as surgery and ablation. Therefore, intra-arterial locoregional treatments now play a central role in the management of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, such treatments ranging from trans-arterial chemo-embolisation to the more recently developed trans-arterial radio-embolisation technique. In this essay, we discuss the state of the art of intra-arterial treatment for locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and the future directions for such treatment.

          Translated abstract

          O carcinoma hepatocelular é o tumor hepático maligno primário mais frequentemente observado, sendo uma das principais causas de mortalidade mundial. Apesar do advento dos programas de triagem, na maioria dos casos o diagnóstico tardio está associado a um estágio avançado da doença que impede o tratamento curativo, como cirurgia ou ablação. Assim, os tratamentos locorregionais intra-arteriais têm agora um papel central no gerenciamento avançado do carcinoma hepatocelular, passando por quimioembolização transarterial e radioembolização. Neste ensaio, discutimos o estado da arte do tratamento intra-arterial atualmente disponível para o carcinoma hepatocelular localmente avançado e suas direções futuras.

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          Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification.

          The classifications of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) currently used are based on prognostic factors obtained from studies performed years ago when most tumors were diagnosed at advanced stages and the survival rates were substantially poor. Recent investigations have reviewed the survival of early tumors properly selected to receive radical therapies and the natural outcome of nonsurgical HCC patients. These data enable a new staging system to be proposed, the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging classification, that comprises four stages that select the best candidates for the best therapies currently available. Early stage (A) includes patients with asymptomatic early tumors suitable for radical therapies--resection, transplantation or percutaneous treatments. Intermediate stage (B) comprises patients with asymptomatic multinodular HCC. Advanced stage (C) includes patients with symptomatic tumors and/or an invasive tumoral pattern (vascular invasion/extrahepatic spread). Stage B and C patients may receive palliative treatments/new agents in the setting of phase II investigations or randomized controlled trials. End-stage disease (D) contain patients with extremely grim prognosis (Okuda stage III or PST 3-4) that should merely receive symptomatic treatment.
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            Heterogeneity of Patients with Intermediate (BCLC B) Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Proposal for a Subclassification to Facilitate Treatment Decisions

            The intermediate stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) comprises a highly heterogeneous patient population and therefore poses unique challenges for therapeutic management, different from the early and advanced stages. Patients classified as having intermediate HCC by the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system present with varying tumor burden and liver function. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is currently recommended as the standard of care in this setting, but there is considerable variation in the clinical benefit patients derive from this treatment.In April 2012, a panel of experts convened to discuss unresolved issues surrounding the application of current guidelines when managing patients with intermediate HCC. The meeting explored the applicability of a subclassification system for intermediate HCC patients to tailor therapeutic interventions based on the evidence available to date and expert opinion. The present report summarizes the proposal of the expert panel: four substages of intermediate HCC patients, B1 to B4. Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.
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              International incidence and mortality trends of liver cancer: a global profile

              We examined the global incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer, and evaluated the association between incidence/mortality and socioeconomic development (Human Development Index [HDI] and Gross Domestic Product [GDP]) using linear regression analysis. The average annual percent change (AAPC) of the trends was evaluated from join-point regression analysis. The global incidence of liver cancer varied widely by nine-fold, and was negatively correlated with HDI (men: r = −0.232, p = 0.003; women: r = −0.369, p < 0.001) and GDP per capita (men: r = −0.164, p = 0.036; women: r = −0.212, p = 0.007). Its mortality showed a similarly negative correlation with both indices. The greatest incidence rise in men was observed in Poland (AAPC = 17.5, 95% C.I. = 5.6, 30.9) and Brazil (AAPC = 13.2, 95% C.I. = 5.9, 21.0), whereas Germany (AAPC = 6.6, 95% C.I = 2.0, 11.5) and Norway (AAPC = 6.5, 95% C.I. = 3.2, 10.0) had the greatest increase in women. The mortality rates paralleled the incidence rates in most countries. For mortality, Malta (AAPC = 11.5, 95% C.I. = 3.9, 19.8), Australia (AAPC = 6.8, 95% C.I. = 2.2, 11.5) and Norway (APCC = 5.6, 95% C.I. = 2.8, 8.5) reported the biggest increase among men; whilst Australia (AAPC = 13.4, 95% C.I. = 7.8, 19.4) and Singapore (AAPC = 7.7, 95% C.I. = 4.1, 11.5) showed the most prominent rise among women. These epidemiological data identified countries with potentially increasing trends of liver cancer for preventive actions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Radiol Bras
                Radiol Bras
                rb
                Radiologia Brasileira
                Publicação do Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem
                0100-3984
                1678-7099
                Mar-Apr 2021
                Mar-Apr 2021
                : 54
                : 2
                : 130-135
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Interventional Radiology Unit, "F. Miulli" Regional General Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti (BA), Italy.
                [2 ] Radiology Department, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
                [3 ] 2nd Radiology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
                [4 ] Department of Radiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
                [5 ] Department of Interventional and Vascular Radiology, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
                [6 ] Unit of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, "F. Miulli" Regional General Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti (BA), Italy.
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Riccardo Inchingolo, MD. Interventional Radiology Unit, "F. Miulli" Regional General Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti (BA), Italy. Email: riccardoin@ 123456hotmail.it .
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0253-5936
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1860-0568
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9617-3413
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5930-1383
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-3725
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1668-932X
                Article
                10.1590/0100-3984.2020.0027
                8029933
                fc30e046-6887-49f4-844d-07e94ccea0fc

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 24 March 2020
                : 10 April 2020
                Categories
                Pictorial Essay

                carcinoma, hepatocellular/therapy,fibrosis,liver/pathology,medical oncology/methods,chemoembolization, therapeutic,liver neoplasms/radiotherapy,carcinoma hepatocelular/terapia,fibrose,fígado/patologia,oncologia/métodos,quimioembolização terapêutica,neoplasias hepáticas/radioterapia

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