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      Lanostane- and cycloartane-type triterpenoids from Abies balsamea oleoresin

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          Phytochemical analysis of A. balsamea oleoresin led to the isolation of three new 3,4- seco-lanostane triterpenoids 1– 3, one new cycloartane triterpenoid 4 along with fourteen known terpenoids. Structure determinations were based on extensive 1D/2D NMR, IR and MS spectroscopic analyses, and comparison with literature data. The isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxicity against human cell lines (A549, DLD-1, WS1) and their antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Abiesonic acid ( 6) exhibited weak cytotoxic activity against A549 (IC 50 = 22 µM) while compounds 1 and 4 were weakly active against S. aureus (MIC = 25 µM).

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          Investigation of the Alamar Blue (resazurin) fluorescent dye for the assessment of mammalian cell cytotoxicity.

          I Wilson, T Orton, F Pognan … (2000)
          We show here the identity of Alamar Blue as resazurin. The 'resazurin reduction test' has been used for about 50 years to monitor bacterial and yeast contamination of milk, and also for assessing semen quality. Resazurin (blue and nonfluorescent) is reduced to resorufin (pink and highly fluorescent) which is further reduced to hydroresorufin (uncoloured and nonfluorescent). It is still not known how this reduction occurs, intracellularly via enzyme activity or in the medium as a chemical reaction, although the reduced fluorescent form of Alamar Blue was found in the cytoplasm and of living cells nucleus of dead cells. Recently, the dye has gained popularity as a very simple and versatile way of measuring cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. This dye presents numerous advantages over other cytotoxicity or proliferation tests but we observed several drawbacks to the routine use of Alamar Blue. Tests with several toxicants in different cell lines and rat primary hepatocytes have shown accumulation of the fluorescent product of Alamar Blue in the medium which could lead to an overestimation of cell population. Also, the extensive reduction of Alamar Blue by metabolically active cells led to a final nonfluorescent product, and hence an underestimation of cellular activity.
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            Mabberley's Plantbook: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classifications and Uses

            DJ Mabberley, D. Mabberley, D.J. Mabberley … (2008)
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              Composition and antibacterial activity of Abies balsamea essential oil.

              André Pichette, Pierre-Luc Larouche, Maxime Lebrun … (2006)
              The antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Abies balsamea (balsam fir) was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The essential oil of A. balsamea was found to be inactive against E. coli (>100 microg/mL) and active against S. aureus, with an MIC of 56 microg/mL. The oil composition was analysed by GC-MS and the antibacterial activity of each oil constituent was determined. The essential oil of A. balsamea is essentially constituted of monoterpenes (>96%) and some sesquiterpenes. beta-pinene (29.9%), delta-3-carene (19.6%) and alpha-pinene (14.6%) were the major components. beta-pinene and delta-3-carene were found inactive against both bacteria strains. However, three constituents of the essential oil were active against S. aureus: alpha-pinene, beta-caryophyllene (0.4%) and alpha-humulene (0.2%) with MIC values of 13.6 microg/mL, 5.1 microg/mL and 2.6 microg/mL, respectively.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                André Pichette
                Andreas Kirschning: Role: Associate Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Beilstein J Org Chem
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Beilstein J Org Chem
                Title: Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
                Publisher: Beilstein-Institut (Trakehner Str. 7-9, 60487 Frankfurt am Main, Germany )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1860-5397
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 July 2013
                Volume: 9
                Pages: 1333-1339
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chaire de Recherche sur les Agents Anticancéreux d'Origine Végétale, Laboratoire d'Analyse et de Séparation des Essences Végétales (LASEVE), Département des Sciences Fondamentales, 555 boul. de l'Université, Chicoutimi (Québec) G7H 2B1, Canada
                [2 ]Université de Poitiers, Institut de Chimie IC2MP, UMR-CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86022 Poitiers, France
                Article
                DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.150
                PMC ID: 3740800
                PubMed ID: 23946828
                SO-VID: fc81e26b-2a4f-41fc-93f9-6ebbe039344b
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013, Lavoie et al; licensee Beilstein-Institut.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                The license is subject to the Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry terms and conditions: ( http://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc)

                History
                Date received : 15 April 2013
                Date accepted : 12 June 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Full Research Paper
                Subject: Chemistry
                Subject: Organic Chemistry

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Organic & Biomolecular chemistry
                Keywords: abies balsamea,cycloartane,lanostane,oleoresin,triterpenoids
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Organic & Biomolecular chemistry
                Keywords: abies balsamea, cycloartane, lanostane, oleoresin, triterpenoids

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