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      Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells.

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          Abstract

          Gut commensal microbes shape the mucosal immune system by regulating the differentiation and expansion of several types of T cell. Clostridia, a dominant class of commensal microbe, can induce colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells, which have a central role in the suppression of inflammatory and allergic responses. However, the molecular mechanisms by which commensal microbes induce colonic Treg cells have been unclear. Here we show that a large bowel microbial fermentation product, butyrate, induces the differentiation of colonic Treg cells in mice. A comparative NMR-based metabolome analysis suggests that the luminal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids positively correlates with the number of Treg cells in the colon. Among short-chain fatty acids, butyrate induced the differentiation of Treg cells in vitro and in vivo, and ameliorated the development of colitis induced by adoptive transfer of CD4(+) CD45RB(hi) T cells in Rag1(-/-) mice. Treatment of naive T cells under the Treg-cell-polarizing conditions with butyrate enhanced histone H3 acetylation in the promoter and conserved non-coding sequence regions of the Foxp3 locus, suggesting a possible mechanism for how microbial-derived butyrate regulates the differentiation of Treg cells. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms by which host-microbe interactions establish immunological homeostasis in the gut.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Nature
          Nature
          Springer Science and Business Media LLC
          1476-4687
          0028-0836
          Dec 19 2013
          : 504
          : 7480
          Affiliations
          [1 ] 1] RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan [2] The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan [3].
          [2 ] 1] RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan [2] The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan [3] Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan [4].
          [3 ] 1] RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan [2] Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan [3].
          [4 ] RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
          [5 ] Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan.
          [6 ] 1] RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan [2] Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
          [7 ] Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
          [8 ] 1] RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan [2] PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
          [9 ] The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
          [10 ] Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, South Australia 5000, Australia.
          [11 ] 1] RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan [2] Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan [3] Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
          [12 ] 1] Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan [2] RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
          [13 ] 1] RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan [2] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
          [14 ] 1] RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan [2] The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan [3] PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan [4].
          Article
          nature12721
          10.1038/nature12721
          24226770
          fc878f1e-5370-4622-a8fc-4bb441d1c4f6
          History

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