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      Human Milk Composition and Dietary Intakes of Breastfeeding Women of Different Ethnicity from the Manawatu-Wanganui Region of New Zealand

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          Abstract

          Human milk is nutrient rich, complex in its composition, and is key to a baby’s health through its role in nutrition, gastrointestinal tract and immune development. Seventy-eight mothers (19–42 years of age) of Asian, Māori, Pacific Island, or of European ethnicity living in Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand (NZ) completed the study. The women provided three breast milk samples over a one-week period (6–8 weeks postpartum), completed a three-day food diary and provided information regarding their pregnancy and lactation experiences. The breast milk samples were analyzed for protein, fat, fatty acid profile, ash, selected minerals (calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc), and carbohydrates. Breast milk nutrient profiles showed no significant differences between the mothers of different ethnicities in their macronutrient (protein, fat, carbohydrate, and moisture) content. The breast milk of Asian mothers contained significantly higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 ( n-3) and omega-6 ( n-6) fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acids. Arachidonic acid was significantly lower in the breast milk of Māori and Pacific Island women. Dietary intakes of protein, total energy, saturated and polyunsaturated fat, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iodine, vitamin A equivalents, and folate differed between the ethnic groups, as well as the number of serves of dairy foods, chicken, and legumes. No strong correlations between dietary nutrients and breast milk components were found.

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          Human milk oligosaccharides are associated with protection against diarrhea in breast-fed infants.

          To determine the association between maternal milk levels of 2-linked fucosylated oligosaccharide and prevention of diarrhea as a result of Campylobacter, caliciviruses, and diarrhea of all causes in breast-fed infants. Data and banked samples were analyzed from 93 breast-feeding mother-infant pairs who were prospectively studied during 1988-1991 from birth to 2 years with infant feeding and diarrhea data collected weekly; diarrhea was diagnosed by a study physician. Milk samples obtained 1 to 5 weeks postpartum were analyzed for oligosaccharide content. Data were analyzed by Poisson regression. Total 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharide in maternal milk ranged from 0.8 to 20.8 mmol/L (50%-92% of milk oligosaccharide). Moderate-to-severe diarrhea of all causes (n=77 cases) occurred less often (P=.001) in infants whose milk contained high levels of total 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharide as a percent of milk oligosaccharide. Campylobacter diarrhea (n=31 cases) occurred less often (P=.004) in infants whose mother's milk contained high levels of 2'-FL, a specific 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharide, and calicivirus diarrhea (n=16 cases) occurred less often (P=.012) in infants whose mother's milk contained high levels of lacto-N-difucohexaose (LDFH-I), another 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharide. This study provides novel evidence suggesting that human milk oligosaccharides are clinically relevant to protection against infant diarrhea.
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            Selenium in global food systems.

            Food systems need to produce enough of the essential trace element Se to provide regular adult intakes of at least 40 microg/d to support the maximal expression of the Se enzymes, and perhaps as much as 300 microg/d to reduce risks of cancer. Deprivation of Se is associated with impairments in antioxidant protection, redox regulation and energy production as consequences of suboptimal expression of one or more of the Se-containing enzymes. These impairments may not cause deficiency signs in the classical sense, but instead contribute to health problems caused by physiological and environmental oxidative stresses and infections. At the same time, supranutritional intakes of Se, i.e. intakes greater than those required for selenocysteine enzyme expression, appear to reduce cancer risk. The lower, nutritional, level is greater than the typical intakes of many people in several parts of the world, and few populations have intakes approaching the latter, supranutritional, level. Accordingly, low Se status is likely to contribute to morbidity and mortality due to infectious as well as chronic diseases, and increasing Se intakes in all parts of the world can be expected to reduce cancer rates.
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              The Immunological Components of Human Milk and Their Effect on Immune Development in Infants

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nutrients
                Nutrients
                nutrients
                Nutrients
                MDPI
                2072-6643
                04 September 2018
                September 2018
                : 10
                : 9
                : 1231
                Affiliations
                [1 ]The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; duncan.hedderley@ 123456plantandfood.co.nz (D.I.H.); hmth4@ 123456hotmail.com (T.D.H.); pramod.gopal@ 123456plantandfood.co.nz (P.G.)
                [2 ]The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; gunaranjan.paturi@ 123456plantandfood.co.nz
                [3 ]Danone Nutricia NZ Limited, 56-58 Aintree Avenue, Mangere, Auckland 2022, New Zealand; sarah.glyn-jones@ 123456danone.com
                [4 ]Danone Nutricia Research, Upsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; frank.wiens@ 123456danone.com (F.W.); bernd.stahl@ 123456danone.com (B.S.)
                [5 ]Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: chrissie.butts@ 123456plantandfood.co.nz ; Tel.: +64-6-355-6147
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-1455
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1607-1992
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3434-5555
                Article
                nutrients-10-01231
                10.3390/nu10091231
                6164561
                30181524
                fc8a1f67-4efd-4177-bcae-5dd6ba8b57c3
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 15 August 2018
                : 31 August 2018
                Categories
                Article

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                human milk,breastfeeding,ethnicity,composition,diet
                Nutrition & Dietetics
                human milk, breastfeeding, ethnicity, composition, diet

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