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      Dietary pattern and incidence of chronic kidney disease among adults: a population-based study

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          Abstract

          Background & Aims

          Although dietary patterns have been linked to chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, sparse data are available for a relationship between dietary patterns and incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) in West Asian populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of population-based dietary pattern with the risk of incident CKD after 6.1 years of follow-up.

          Methods

          At baseline, habitual dietary intakes of 1630 participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) who were free of CKD was assessed by a valid and reliable food-frequency questionnaire. The following three major dietary patterns were identified using a principal components analysis: Lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern, traditional Iranian dietary pattern, and high fat, high sugar dietary pattern. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated, using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation and CKD was defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m 2. Odds ratio (OR) using multivariable logistic regression was calculated for the association of incident CKD with the extracted dietary patterns.

          Results

          After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, total energy intake, physical activity, body mass index, diabetes, and hypertension the OR for participants in the highest compared with those in the lowest tertile of the lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern was 0.57 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.41 to 0.80, P-trend = 0.002). In contrast, the high fat, high sugar dietary pattern was positively associated with the incidence of CKD (OR for the third tertile compared with first tertile: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.03–2.09; P-trend = 0.036). Traditional Iranian dietary pattern was not associated with incident CKD.

          Conclusion

          The high fat, high sugar dietary pattern was associated with significantly increased (46%) odds of incident CKD, whereas a lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern may be protective against the occurrence of CKD by 43%.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-018-0322-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities.

          Melody Swartz, W Haskell, Jennifer D. Bassett … (2000)
          We provide an updated version of the Compendium of Physical Activities, a coding scheme that classifies specific physical activity (PA) by rate of energy expenditure. It was developed to enhance the comparability of results across studies using self-reports of PA. The Compendium coding scheme links a five-digit code that describes physical activities by major headings (e.g., occupation, transportation, etc.) and specific activities within each major heading with its intensity, defined as the ratio of work metabolic rate to a standard resting metabolic rate (MET). Energy expenditure in MET-minutes, MET-hours, kcal, or kcal per kilogram body weight can be estimated for specific activities by type or MET intensity. Additions to the Compendium were obtained from studies describing daily PA patterns of adults and studies measuring the energy cost of specific physical activities in field settings. The updated version includes two new major headings of volunteer and religious activities, extends the number of specific activities from 477 to 605, and provides updated MET intensity levels for selected activities.
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            Prevention of non-communicable disease in a population in nutrition transition: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study phase II

            Fereidoun Azizi, Arash Ghanbarian, Amir Momenan … (2009)
            Background The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) is a long term integrated community-based program for prevention of non-communicable disorders (NCD) by development of a healthy lifestyle and reduction of NCD risk factors. The study begun in 1999, is ongoing, to be continued for at least 20 years. A primary survey was done to collect baseline data in 15005 individuals, over 3 years of age, selected from cohorts of three medical heath centers. A questionnaire for past medical history and data was completed during interviews; blood pressure, pulse rate, and anthropometrical measurements and a limited physical examination were performed and lipid profiles, fasting blood sugar and 2-hours-postload-glucose challenge were measured. A DNA bank was also collected. For those subjects aged over 30 years, Rose questionnaire was completed and an electrocardiogram was taken. Data collected were directly stored in computers as database software- computer assisted system. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of lifestyle modification in preventing or postponing the development of NCD risk factors and outcomes in the TLGS population. Design and methods In phase II of the TLGS, lifestyle interventions were implemented in 5630 people and 9375 individuals served as controls. Primary, secondary and tertiary interventions were designed based on specific target groups including schoolchildren, housewives, and high-risk persons. Officials of various sectors such as health, education, municipality, police, media, traders and community leaders were actively engaged as decision makers and collaborators. Interventional strategies were based on lifestyle modifications in diet, smoking and physical activity through face-to-face education, leaflets & brochures, school program alterations, training volunteers as health team and treating patients with NCD risk factors. Collection of demographic, clinical and laboratory data will be repeated every 3 years to assess the effects of different interventions in the intervention group as compared to control group. Conclusion This controlled community intervention will test the possibility of preventing or delaying the onset of non-communicable risk factors and disorders in a population in nutrition transition. Trial registration ISRCTN52588395
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              Reliability, comparative validity and stability of dietary patterns derived from an FFQ in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

              Golaleh Asghari, Arezoo Rezazadeh, Firoozeh Hosseini-Esfahani … (2012)
              The aim of the present study was to assess the reliability, comparative validity and stability of dietary patterns defined by factor analysis for participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. A total of 132 subjects, aged ≥ 20 years, completed a 168-item FFQ (FFQ1, FFQ2) twice, with a 14-month interval. Over this duration, twelve dietary recalls (DR) were collected each month. To assess the stability of the FFQ, participants completed the third FFQ (FFQ3) after 8 years. Following these, two dietary patterns--the 'Iranian Traditional' and the 'Western'--were derived from FFQ1 and FFQ2 and the mean of DR (mDR); and three dietary patterns were identified from FFQ3: the 'Iranian Traditional', the 'Western' and the 'Combined'. The reliability correlations between factor scores of the two FFQ were 0·72 for the Iranian Traditional and 0·80 for the Western pattern; corrected month-to-month variations of DR correlations between the FFQ2 and mDR were 0·48 for the first and 0·75 for the second pattern. The 95 % limits of agreement for the difference between factor scores obtained from FFQ2 and mDR lay between -1·58 and +1·58 for the Iranian Traditional and between -1·33 and +1·33 for the Western pattern. The intra-class correlations between FFQ2 and FFQ3 were -0·09 (P = 0·653) and 0·49 (P <0·001) for the 'Iranian Traditional' and the 'Western', respectively. These data indicate reasonable reliability and validity of the dietary patterns defined by factor analysis. Although the Western pattern was found to be fairly stable, the Iranian Traditional pattern was mostly unstable over the 8 years of the study period.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Golaleh Asghari: asghari@endocrine.ac.ir
                Mehrnaz Momenan: mehr.momenan@gmail.com
                Emad Yuzbashian: e_yuzbashian@yahoo.com
                Parvin Mirmiran: 0098 (21) 22409309 , mirmiran@endocrine.ac.ir , parvin.mirmiran@gmail.com
                Fereidoun Azizi: azizi@endocrine.ac.ir
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutr Metab (Lond)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutr Metab (Lond)
                Title: Nutrition & Metabolism
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1743-7075
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 December 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 December 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 88
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.411600.2, Student Research Committee, Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, , Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
                [2 ]GRID grid.411600.2, Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, 1985717413 Iran
                [3 ]GRID grid.411600.2, Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
                Article
                Publisher ID: 322
                DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0322-7
                PMC ID: 6296119
                PubMed ID: 30564279
                SO-VID: fc8e5c20-cee0-4f8d-942d-10ee9e0c21f7
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2018
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 20 June 2018
                Date accepted : 20 November 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: dietary pattern,glomerular filtration rate,diet quality,western dietary pattern
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: dietary pattern, glomerular filtration rate, diet quality, western dietary pattern

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