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      The value of tibial mounted inertial measurement units to quantify running kinetics in elite football (soccer) players. A reliability and agreement study using a research orientated and a clinically orientated system

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          Abstract

          In elite football, measurement of running kinetics with inertial measurement units (IMUs) may be useful as a component of periodic health examination (PHE). This study determined the reliability of, and agreement between a research orientated IMU and clinically orientated IMU system for initial peak acceleration (IPA) and IPA symmetry index (SI) measurement during running in elite footballers. On consecutive days, 16 participants performed treadmill running at 14kmph and 18kmph. Both IMUs measured IPA and IPA SI concurrently. All measurements had good or excellent within-session reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 2,1) range = 0.79–0.96, IPA standard error of measurement (SEM) range = 0.19–0.62 g, IPA SI SEM range = 2.50–8.05%). Only the research orientated IMU demonstrated acceptable minimal detectable changes (MDCs) for IPA at 14kmph (range = 7.46–9.80%) and IPA SI at both speeds (range = 6.92–9.21%). Considering both systems, between-session IPA reliability ranged from fair to good (ICC 2,1 range = 0.63–0.87, SEM range = 0.51–1.10 g) and poor to fair for IPA SI (ICC 2,1 range = 0.32–0.65, SEM range = 8.07–11.18%). All MDCs were >10%. For IPA and SI, the 95% levels of agreement indicated poor between system agreement. Therefore, the use of IMUs to evaluate treadmill running kinetics cannot be recommended in this population as a PHE test to identify prognostic factors for injuries or for rehabilitation purposes.

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          Physical and metabolic demands of training and match-play in the elite football player.

          In soccer, the players perform intermittent work. Despite the players performing low-intensity activities for more than 70% of the game, heart rate and body temperature measurements suggest that the average oxygen uptake for elite soccer players is around 70% of maximum (VO(2max). This may be partly explained by the 150 - 250 brief intense actions a top-class player performs during a game, which also indicates that the rates of creatine phosphate (CP) utilization and glycolysis are frequently high during a game. Muscle glycogen is probably the most important substrate for energy production, and fatigue towards the end of a game may be related to depletion of glycogen in some muscle fibres. Blood free-fatty acids (FFAs) increase progressively during a game, partly compensating for the progressive lowering of muscle glycogen. Fatigue also occurs temporarily during matches, but it is still unclear what causes the reduced ability to perform maximally. There are major individual differences in the physical demands of players during a game related to physical capacity and tactical role in the team. These differences should be taken into account when planning the training and nutritional strategies of top-class players, who require a significant energy intake during a week.
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            The validity of consumer-level, activity monitors in healthy adults worn in free-living conditions: a cross-sectional study

            Background Technological advances have seen a burgeoning industry for accelerometer-based wearable activity monitors targeted at the consumer market. The purpose of this study was to determine the convergent validity of a selection of consumer-level accelerometer-based activity monitors. Methods 21 healthy adults wore seven consumer-level activity monitors (Fitbit One, Fitbit Zip, Jawbone UP, Misfit Shine, Nike Fuelband, Striiv Smart Pedometer and Withings Pulse) and two research-grade accelerometers/multi-sensor devices (BodyMedia SenseWear, and ActiGraph GT3X+) for 48-hours. Participants went about their daily life in free-living conditions during data collection. The validity of the consumer-level activity monitors relative to the research devices for step count, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sleep and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was quantified using Bland-Altman analysis, median absolute difference and Pearson’s correlation. Results All consumer-level activity monitors correlated strongly (r > 0.8) with research-grade devices for step count and sleep time, but only moderately-to-strongly for TDEE (r = 0.74-0.81) and MVPA (r = 0.52-0.91). Median absolute differences were generally modest for sleep and steps (<10% of research device mean values for the majority of devices) moderate for TDEE (<30% of research device mean values), and large for MVPA (26-298%). Across the constructs examined, the Fitbit One, Fitbit Zip and Withings Pulse performed most strongly. Conclusions In free-living conditions, the consumer-level activity monitors showed strong validity for the measurement of steps and sleep duration, and moderate valid for measurement of TDEE and MVPA. Validity for each construct ranged widely between devices, with the Fitbit One, Fitbit Zip and Withings Pulse being the strongest performers.
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              Symmetry and limb dominance in able-bodied gait: a review.

              As one of the most universal of all human activities, gait in the able-bodied has received considerable attention, but many aspects still need to be clarified. Symmetry or asymmetry in the actions of the lower extremities during walking and the possible effect of laterality on gait are two prevalent and controversial issues. The purpose of this study was to review the work done over the last few decades in demonstrating: (a) whether or not the lower limbs behave symmetrically during able-bodied gait; and (b) how limb dominance affects the symmetrical or asymmetrical behavior of the lower extremities. The literature reviewed shows that gait symmetry has often been assumed, to simplify data collection and analysis. In contrast, asymmetrical behavior of the lower limbs during able-bodied ambulation was addressed in numerous investigations and was found to reflect natural functional differences between the lower extremities. These functional differences were probably related to the contribution of each limb in carrying out the tasks of propulsion and control during able-bodied walking. In current debates on gait symmetry in able-bodied subjects, laterality has been cited as an explanation for the existence of functional differences between the lower extremities, although a number of studies do not support the hypothesis of a relationship between gait symmetry and laterality. Further investigation is needed to demonstrate functional gait asymmetry and its relationship to laterality, taking into consideration the biomechanical aspects of gait.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Electromyogr Kinesiol
                J Electromyogr Kinesiol
                Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
                Elsevier
                1050-6411
                1873-5711
                1 February 2019
                February 2019
                : 44
                : 156-164
                Affiliations
                [a ]Manchester United Football Club, AON Training Complex, Carrington, Manchester, UK
                [b ]Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
                [c ]Health Sciences Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
                [d ]Centre for Biostatistics, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
                [e ]Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Manchester United Football Club, AON Training Complex, Carrington, Manchester, UK. tom.hughes.physio@ 123456manutd.co.uk
                [1]

                JCS and MJC contributed equally and are joint last authors.

                Article
                S1050-6411(18)30444-9
                10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.01.001
                6350007
                30658231
                fca71e58-fcfc-48e5-91ba-6f4d35f75be6
                © 2019 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 27 October 2018
                : 20 December 2018
                : 6 January 2019
                Categories
                Article

                Cardiovascular Medicine
                accelerometer,gait,symmetry,lower extremity
                Cardiovascular Medicine
                accelerometer, gait, symmetry, lower extremity

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