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      Distribution and antibiotic-resistance of different Staphylococcus species identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) isolated from the oral cavity

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: The use of antibiotics in dentistry is associated with the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, including commensal staphylococci.

          Methods: A total of 367 oral samples were collected, from which staphylococci were isolated and identified by using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined and molecular characteristics for methicillin-resistant staphylococci was performed.

          Results: A total of 103 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), among them S. warneri, S. haemolyticus, S. saprophyticus, S. pasteuri, S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. xylosus, S. equorum, S. kloosii, S. succinus, S. cohnii , and S. simulans, were confirmed by MALDI-TOF. Resistance to most tested antibiotics was statistically higher in CoNS than in S. aureus isolates ( P-value < 0.05). CoNS isolates showed high resistance to penicillin ( S. saprophyticus 88.9%), erythromycin ( S. haemolyticus 84.6%), fusidic acid ( S. saprophyticus 77.8%), co-trimoxazole ( S. epidermidis 71.4%), gentamicin ( S. warneri 63.8%), and tetracycline ( S. saprophyticus 55.6%). Multidrug resistance was largely observed, especially among S. haemolyticus and S. saprophyticus species. Methicillin-resistance in S. haemolyticus (38.5%), S. saprophyticus (22.2%) and S. aureus (13.5%) was associated with the presence of the mecA gene and SCC mec type IV or V.

          Conclusion: Coagulase-negative staphylococci, especially S. haemolyticus and S. saprophyticus, seem to be a reservoir of methicillin resistance and multidrug resistance in the oral cavity.

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          Most cited references35

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          Coagulase-negative staphylococci.

          The definition of the heterogeneous group of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) is still based on diagnostic procedures that fulfill the clinical need to differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus and those staphylococci classified historically as being less or nonpathogenic. Due to patient- and procedure-related changes, CoNS now represent one of the major nosocomial pathogens, with S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus being the most significant species. They account substantially for foreign body-related infections and infections in preterm newborns. While S. saprophyticus has been associated with acute urethritis, S. lugdunensis has a unique status, in some aspects resembling S. aureus in causing infectious endocarditis. In addition to CoNS found as food-associated saprophytes, many other CoNS species colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals and are less frequently involved in clinically manifested infections. This blurred gradation in terms of pathogenicity is reflected by species- and strain-specific virulence factors and the development of different host-defending strategies. Clearly, CoNS possess fewer virulence properties than S. aureus, with a respectively different disease spectrum. In this regard, host susceptibility is much more important. Therapeutically, CoNS are challenging due to the large proportion of methicillin-resistant strains and increasing numbers of isolates with less susceptibility to glycopeptides.
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            Update to the multiplex PCR strategy for assignment of mec element types in Staphylococcus aureus.

            Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing is important for the identification and definition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones, and for routine purposes, multiplex PCR assays are the most adequate for SCCmec typing. Here, we describe an update to the multiplex PCR strategy for SCCmec typing that we described in 2002 so that SCCmec types IV and V may be properly identified.
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              Rapid detection, differentiation and typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus harbouring either mecA or the new mecA homologue mecA(LGA251).

              The recent finding of a new mecA homologue, mecA(LGA251) , with only 70% nucleotide homology to the conventional mecA gene has brought the routine testing for mecA as a confirmatory test for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) into question. A multiplex PCR was designed to differentiate mecA(LGA251) from the known mecA together with detection of lukF-PV and the spa gene fragments, enabling direct spa typing by sequencing of the PCR amplicons. The PCR analysis and subsequent spa typing were validated on a large collection (n=185) of contemporary MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolates, including 127 isolates carrying mecA(LGA251) . The mecA(LGA251) gene was situated in staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type XI elements, and sequence variation within a 631-bp fragment of mecA(LGA251) in 79 isolates indicated a very conserved gene sequence. Following a successful validation, the multiplex PCR strategy was implemented in the routine testing of MRSA for national surveillance. Over a 2-month period, among 203 samples tested, 12 new MRSA cases caused by isolates carrying mecA(LGA251) were identified, emphasizing the clinical importance of testing for these new MRSA isolates. © 2011 STATENS SERUM INSTITUT. Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2011 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Oral Microbiol
                J Oral Microbiol
                Journal of Oral Microbiology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-2297
                26 September 2021
                2021
                26 September 2021
                : 13
                : 1
                : 1983322
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Oral Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Gdansk; , Gdansk, Poland
                [b ]Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University; , Krakow, Poland
                [c ]Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, University Clinical Center; , Gdansk, Poland
                [d ]Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; , Ahvaz, Iran
                [e ]Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; , Ahvaz, Iran
                Author notes
                CONTACT Katarzyna Garbacz katarzyna.garbacz@ 123456gumed.edu.pl Department of Oral Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk; , 25 Dębowa Str, Gdansk, 80-204, Poland
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9359-7966
                Article
                1983322
                10.1080/20002297.2021.1983322
                8477921
                34594480
                fcf31b66-89d4-4279-a9c7-cafd67f964a2
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, References: 36, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Research Article
                Original Article

                Microbiology & Virology
                coagulase-negative staphylococci,cons,staphylococcus,mrsa,methicillin resistance,multidrug resistance,antibiotic

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