Ecuador, an Andean country located in northwestern South America, has not made research
a priority. Its publication rate (25 docs/million inhabitants) is among the lowest
in the Latin American region.1 This might be partially due to a lack of a national
policy on science and technology and government funding for research is low. During
the COVID‐19 pandemic crisis, funding has been further reduced, as seen in the government´s
decision to cut state university budgets.2 To facilitate health research, in 2006,
the Ecuadorian Ministry of Health (EMoH) launched the national regulation for institutional
review boards (IRBs) and, in 2015, there were already six fully accredited IRBs in
the country.3 In that year, the EMoH updated the national regulation for IBRs with
the Ministerial Order 4889 which, in practice, outlined procedures around the formation
of new IRBs and supervision of the existing ones.4 The ethical evaluation has progressively
become a standard requirement of both the authorities and the general Ecuadorian research
community.5 Currently, Ecuador has thirteen fully accredited IRBs anchored to either
an Academic (~54% [7/13]) or a Hospital (46% [6/13]) institution.6 Unfortunately,
this progress in the national health research system came with a burden of overregulation
by the EMoH. Thus, in Ecuador, according to the national regulation (Ministerial Order
4889), each observational study using biological samples– even if it involves just
a collection of blood samples by venipuncture – must be analyzed as a full board study.
This same minimal risk study approved by an accredited local IRB must then also pass
a second evaluation process in the EMoH.7 In this process, commented protocols are
sent back to the local IRB to approve the suggested modifications through amendments.
Due to this back and forth cycle, in Ecuador, it takes an average of between 4 and
6 months to gain final approval for a minimal risk study using biological samples.
This overregulation environment has lengthened research initiatives and discouraged
researchers and sponsors on the road.
Since the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic began last year in March 2020, more than 80 million
cases have been reported worldwide.8 Major health care bodies like the World Health
Organization (WHO) and its regional branch, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
have called for alternative and flexible mechanisms and procedures for ethics review
and oversight that best suited to the characteristics of each country.9 For example,
in the UK during COVID‐19, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
prioritized and processed clinical‐trial applications within a week, and the Health
Research Authority reduced the average ethical‐review cycle from 60 to 10 days.10
To efficiently respond to this pandemic emergency and to avoid delays and overwhelming
the capacity of local IRBs, PAHO suggested the following evaluation strategies be
considered by each national authority: i) Ad hoc committee, ii) National‐level committee,
iii) (Sub) Regional extra‐territorial committee, iv) Provincial or sub‐national committee,
and v) Institutional‐level committees.11
Ecuador has been one of the countries in South America most affected by COVID‐19,
with over 100,000 cases and 20,000 deaths in excess since February 2020.12 This makes
us a suitable community to implement or participate in a wide variety of COVID‐19‐related
studies. Notwithstanding, very early in the pandemic, on April 16, 2020, the EMoH
made an unprecedented decision to issue a transitory law, revoking authorization for
local IRBs to review and approve any observational study related to COVID‐19 that
intends to use either biological samples or confidential data (e.g. medical records,
imaging records, and any laboratory/procedures results).13 Under this law, potential
research initiatives need approval from an ad hoc “Ethics Committee for the Expedited
Review of COVID‐19 investigations” that belongs to the national authority.14 This
ad hoc committee was constituted of seven members where five are health care workers,
one is from the civil society, and the last member is a delegate with legal expertise.15
The stated aim of the committee was to minimize bureaucracy and to speed up the approval
process. The group committed to analyzing these proposals in no more than five days.16
Notably, the committee members work without any compensation for their time.
To provide quantitative evidence regarding this situation, we used PubMed and Scopus
electronic databases to conduct a systematic review of Ecuadorian publications only
related to COVID‐19 from April 17th to October 26th. The implemented search terms
were the same in both databases: “2019 novel coronavirus disease”, “COVID19”, “COVID‐19
pandemic”, “SARS‐CoV‐2 infection”, “COVID‐19 virus disease”, “2019 novel coronavirus
infection”, “2019‐nCoV infection”, “coronavirus disease 2019”, “coronavirus disease‐19”,
“2019‐nCoV disease” and “COVID‐19 virus infection”. Overall, we identified 137 publications
but only 72 (52.6% [72/137]) remained for the final analysis (Figure 1). Across the
analyzed period, we were able to identify only ten observational COVID‐19‐related
publications that used either biological samples or confidential data (Table 1).17
During the manual assessment of each, including the methods section and the ethics
disclosure section, we were not able to confirm that any of these ten published studies
had been ethically reviewed by the ad hoc committee.
FIGURE 1
PRISMA flowchart
TABLE 1
Ecuadorian COVID‐19‐related publications using biological samples or medical records
and IRB approval, 2020
Papers
Month revised
Month accepted
Biological sample
Confidential data
a
SARS‐CoV‐2‐related mortality in a rural Latin American population22
July 2nd
August 2nd
No
Yes
Household clustering of SARS‐CoV‐2 in community settings: A study from rural Ecuador23
June 16th
July 29th
Yes
Yes
Social Determinants of Health and Risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection in Community‐Dwelling
Older Adults Living in a Rural Latin American Setting24
N/A
July 15th
Yes
Yes
Frailty and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. A population‐based study in a highly endemic village25
August 10th
September 8th
Yes
Yes
Genome sequencing of the first SARS‐CoV‐2 reported from patients with COVID‐19 in
Ecuador26
b
N/A
N/A
Yes
Yes
SARS‐CoV‐2 in rural Latin America. A population‐based study in coastal Ecuador27
June 17th
July 21th
Yes
Yes
Late incidence of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in a highly endemic remote rural village. A
prospective population‐based cohort study28
N/A
September 29th
Yes
Yes
“One health” inspired SARS‐CoV‐2 surveillance: The Galapagos Islands experience29
August 30th
October 12th
Yes
Yes
COVID‐19: What iodine maps from perfusion CT can reveal‐‐A prospective cohort study30
July 24th
October 6th
No
Yes
Metagenome of a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid sample from a confirmed COVID‐19 case
in Quito, Ecuador, obtained using Oxford Nanopore MinION technology31
September 8th
September 21th
Yes
Yes
N/A denotes information not available.
aEncompasses information regarding medical records, laboratory results, imaging records,
and any other diagnostic or procedure result.
bPreprint manuscript registered at medRxiv and posted June 14.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the
COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research
re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original
source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
Six out of the ten studies belong to a single research group that used their own institutional
IRB, one of the thirteen IRBs previously approved. One published study, using confidential
data, was part of a multicenter study and did not obtain a local IRB approval but,
instead, used a foreign IRB evaluation to be run. One of the published studies that
used biological samples did not state whether they had obtained approval from an IRB
or even consent from the study participants to use their laboratory results. Considering
the standard requirements of scholarly journals, we find these results difficult to
explain. Also, local IRBs are not permitted to revise research proposals seeking to
performed population and/or epidemiological studies using aggregate data because these
studies will use health records data retrieved from local health care centers. Considering
the delays produced by the previous approval process for minimal risk studies, we
were not surprised to note that the newly implemented ad hoc committee system quickly
collapsed. Based on our own and other colleagues’ experience submitting COVID‐19 research
proposals to the ad hoc committee, we have estimated a median (interquartile range)
time of 45 (30‐60) days to receive a first response to the submitted protocols. In
most of the cases, the approval decision is still pending after the committee required
major changes to the submitted protocols. Moreover, according to the guidelines of
this new approval process,18 there is only one opportunity to resubmit a protocol
that received comments from the committee; if approval is not granted directly on
the second submission, the proposal will be archived with no further option. Perhaps
due to this burden, Ecuadorian researchers have opted to conduct and publish COVID‐19‐related
studies that use biological samples and/or confidential data without the required
formal ethical review process; instead, most have obtained only a local or foreign
IRB approval as shown previously.19 Based on our findings and our local experience,
we believe that the creation of the ad hoc committee for ethical review of COVID‐19‐related
research using biological samples and/or confidential data in Ecuador has become a
barrier to the performance of local research due to its lengthy review times. Such
delays reported elsewhere have been assessed as impediments to research.20
The decision to implement the ad hoc committee system in Ecuador would have made sense
only if IRBs were not already established here (as was the case in some other countries).21
We believe that the most appropriate strategy to support COVID‐19‐related research
using biological samples and/or confidential data would have been to select and appoint
the most experienced, functional, and robust committees from among the existing Ecuadorian
IRBs to conduct the ethics reviews and to oversee approved protocols.
We are aware that not all research protocols should be approved immediately; however,
in this pandemic, the rapid generation of knowledge is imperative if we are to defend
ourselves against the SARS‐CoV‐2. Ethical evaluation should be done as quickly as
possible so that studies can proceed on time, both during a pandemic and in more usual
times.
Unfortunately, what happened in Ecuador shows the negative impact of creating an ad
hoc committee to overregulate research. The mission of ethical review boards and committees
is to protect the rights and welfare of research subjects; however, extensive delays
in approval of research protocols caused by unnecessary bureaucracy and centralization
are themselves unethical. The practice of bioethics demands (even more during a pandemic
time) that we rethink the processes, adapt the existing procedures and search for
suitable alternatives – all to reduce obstacles to conducting research. In summary,
six months after its creation, the ad hoc “Ethics Committee for the Expedited Review
of COVID‐19 investigations” has not fulfilled its main objective but has severely
impeded the execution of COVID‐19‐related studies using biological samples and/or
confidential data in Ecuador. We wish to bring this to the attention of our EMoH authorities
to provide the minimal facilities for research activities or, at least, to not create
barriers to it; we hope that this might not be the case in other countries.