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      Inflammatory markers are associated with decreased psychomotor speed in patients with major depressive disorder

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          Abstract

          Previous data have demonstrated that administration of inflammatory cytokines or their inducers leads to altered basal ganglia function associated with reduced psychomotor speed. Decreased psychomotor speed, referred to clinically as psychomotor retardation, is a cardinal symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) and has been associated with poor antidepressant treatment response. We therefore examined the association between plasma inflammatory markers and psychomotor speed in ninety-three un-medicated patients with MDD. Psychomotor speed was assessed by a range of neuropsychological tests from purely motor tasks (e.g. movement latency and finger tapping) to those that involved motor activity with increasing cognitive demand and cortical participation (e.g. Trails A and Digit Symbol Substitution Task (DSST)). Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship of inflammatory markers and psychomotor task performance controlling for age, race, sex, education, body mass index, and severity of depression. MDD patients exhibited decreased psychomotor speed on all tasks relative to normative standards. Increased IL-6 was associated with decreased performance on simple and choice movement time tasks, whereas MCP-1 was associated with decreased performance on the finger tapping task and DSST. IL-10 was associated with increased performance on the DSST. In an exploratory principle component analysis including all psychomotor tasks, IL-6 was associated with the psychomotor speed factor. Taken together, the data indicate that a peripheral inflammatory profile including increased IL-6 and MCP-1 is consistently associated with psychomotor speed in MDD. These data are consistent with data demonstrating that inflammation can affect basal ganglia function, and indicate that psychomotor speed may be a viable outcome variable for anti-inflammatory therapies in depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders with increased inflammation.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          8800478
          1990
          Brain Behav Immun
          Brain Behav. Immun.
          Brain, behavior, and immunity
          0889-1591
          1090-2139
          7 May 2016
          01 April 2016
          August 2016
          01 August 2017
          : 56
          : 281-288
          Affiliations
          [1 ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
          [2 ]Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
          [3 ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
          [4 ]Research Service, Bruce W. Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, FL
          [5 ]Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
          Author notes
          [* ] Corresponding Author: David R. Goldsmith, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive, Atlanta, GA 30329 United States, Fax: +1-404-727-4746, Tel: +1-404-727-1564, drgolds@ 123456emory.edu
          Article
          PMC4939278 PMC4939278 4939278 nihpa776471
          10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.025
          4939278
          27040122
          fd1fe838-c897-4a1c-a26a-597f12a1995c
          History
          Categories
          Article

          Psychomotor Speed,Depression,Cytokines,Chemokines,Inflammation,Cognition

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