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      Genome-wide association mapping unravels the genetic control of seed germination and vigor in Brassica napus

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          Abstract

          Rapid and uniform seed germination is a crucial prerequisite for crop establishment and high yield levels in crop production. A disclosure of genetic factors contributing to adequate seed vigor would help to further increase yield potential and stability. Here we carried out a genome-wide association study in order to define genomic regions influencing seed germination and early seedling growth in oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.). A population of 248 genetically diverse winter-type B. napus accessions was genotyped with the Brassica 60k SNP Illumina genotyping array. Automated high-throughput in vitro phenotyping provided extensive data for multiple traits related to germination and early vigor, such as germination speed, absolute germination rate and radicle elongation. The data obtained indicate that seed germination and radicle growth are strongly environmentally dependent, but could nevertheless be substantially improved by genomic-based breeding. Conditions during seed production and storage were shown to have a profound effect on seed vigor, and a variable manifestation of seed dormancy appears to contribute to differences in germination performance in B. napus. Several promising positional and functional candidate genes could be identified within the genomic regions associated with germination speed, absolute germination rate, radicle growth and thousand seed weight. These include B. napus orthologs of the Arabidopsis thaliana genes SNOWY COTYLEDON 1 ( SCO1), ARABIDOPSIS TWO-COMPONENT RESPONSE REGULATOR ( ARR4), and ARGINYL-t-RNA PROTEIN TRANSFERASE 1 ( ATE1), which have been shown previously to play a role in seed germination and seedling growth in A. thaliana.

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          Most cited references26

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          Seed Germination and Dormancy.

          J D Bewley (1997)
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            Seed dormancy and the control of germination.

            Seed dormancy is an innate seed property that defines the environmental conditions in which the seed is able to germinate. It is determined by genetics with a substantial environmental influence which is mediated, at least in part, by the plant hormones abscisic acid and gibberellins. Not only is the dormancy status influenced by the seed maturation environment, it is also continuously changing with time following shedding in a manner determined by the ambient environment. As dormancy is present throughout the higher plants in all major climatic regions, adaptation has resulted in divergent responses to the environment. Through this adaptation, germination is timed to avoid unfavourable weather for subsequent plant establishment and reproductive growth. In this review, we present an integrated view of the evolution, molecular genetics, physiology, biochemistry, ecology and modelling of seed dormancy mechanisms and their control of germination. We argue that adaptation has taken place on a theme rather than via fundamentally different paths and identify similarities underlying the extensive diversity in the dormancy response to the environment that controls germination.
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              Molecular aspects of seed dormancy.

              Seed dormancy provides a mechanism for plants to delay germination until conditions are optimal for survival of the next generation. Dormancy release is regulated by a combination of environmental and endogenous signals with both synergistic and competing effects. Molecular studies of dormancy have correlated changes in transcriptomes, proteomes, and hormone levels with dormancy states ranging from deep primary or secondary dormancy to varying degrees of release. The balance of abscisic acid (ABA):gibberellin (GA) levels and sensitivity is a major, but not the sole, regulator of dormancy status. ABA promotes dormancy induction and maintenance, whereas GA promotes progression from release through germination; environmental signals regulate this balance by modifying the expression of biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes. Mediators of environmental and hormonal response include both positive and negative regulators, many of which are feedback-regulated to enhance or attenuate the response. The net result is a slightly heterogeneous response, thereby providing more temporal options for successful germination.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                09 April 2015
                2015
                : 6
                : 221
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
                [2] 2Department of Biometry and Population Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
                [3] 3KWS SAAT AG Einbeck, Germany
                [4] 4Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, INRA Le Rheu, France
                [5] 5Groupe d'Etude et de contrôle des Variétés Et des Semences Beaucouzé, France
                [6] 6NPZ Innovation GmbH Holtsee, Germany
                Author notes

                Edited by: Rajeev K. Varshney, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, India

                Reviewed by: Dongying Gao, University of Gerogia, USA; Zhe Liang, National University of Singapore, Singapore

                *Correspondence: Rod J. Snowdon, Department of Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany rod.snowdon@ 123456agrar.uni-giessen.de

                This article was submitted to Plant Genetics and Genomics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2015.00221
                4391041
                fd2e0b08-da3b-4d3e-b307-95581e8db1c8
                Copyright © 2015 Hatzig, Frisch, Breuer, Nesi, Ducournau, Wagner, Leckband, Abbadi and Snowdon.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 20 February 2015
                : 20 March 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 13, Words: 8568
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Original Research

                Plant science & Botany
                seedling,emergence,high-throughput phenotyping,gwas,rapeseed,canola
                Plant science & Botany
                seedling, emergence, high-throughput phenotyping, gwas, rapeseed, canola

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