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      Residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en suelos agrícolas Translated title: Organochlorine pesticide residues in agricultural soils

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          Abstract

          Resumen: La actividad agrícola del estado de Sonora se caracteriza por ser de las más desarrolladas del país, es altamente productiva, tecnificada y generadora de divisas. Para mantener las demandas del mercado ha sido necesario implementar cultivos intensivos y el uso indiscriminado de agroquímicos, lo que ha provocado la contaminación del suelo. Los plaguicidas organoclorados (POC's) fueron utilizados desde l950 hasta 1991, principalmente en el cultivo de algodón. En países industrializados fueron prohibidos o restringidos desde 1970 y en México a partir de 1991. Los POC's representan un riesgo para la salud y el medio ambiente por su toxicidad, bioacumulación, volatilidad y persistencia; es por ello, que a través del Convenio de Estocolmo, los países adheridos están comprometidos a su reducción o eliminación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue verificar la presencia de los POC's en suelos de las principales zonas agrícolas (ZA) del estado de Sonora. Se extrajeron 17 POC's por el método de dispersión de matriz en fase sólida (DMFS) y análisis por cromatografía de gases. Se muestrearon 45 campos donde se recolectaron cinco muestras de suelo (capa superficial y 60 cm de profundidad) y se entrevistó a los encargados para conocer los cultivos históricos y aplicación de POC's. El 100% de los entrevistados manifestó haber utilizado POC's. Los porcentajes de recuperación fueron del 78 al 116% con CV < 20%. Los residuos de POC's estuvieron en un rango de no detectados (nd) a 45.75 µg kg-1. En Caborca: 1.22-9.62, Hermosillo: nd-7.49, Magdalena: 0.73-24.40, Ures: nd-18.78 y Guaymas: 1.43-45.75. Los de mayor incidencia fueron: DDE, endosulfán, γ-clordano, heptacloro epóxido y endrín. La correlación positiva entre la materia orgánica y los POC's, puede propiciar su acumulación en los suelos agrícolas analizados. Estos resultados indican que las ZA de la entidad están contaminadas y son un riesgo para la salud y el medio ambiente.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Agricultural activity in the state of Sonora is well known as one of the most developed in the country. It is high-tech and highly productive, and brings in a large amount of foreign currency. To continue supplying the national and international markets' high demand for produce, intensive cultivation has been necessary, and heavy use of agrochemicals has resulted in soil pollution. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were used from l950 to 1991, mainly on cotton crops. In industrialized countries these pesticides were banned or restricted in 1970 and they have been banned in Mexico since 1991.These agrochemicals are harmful to human health as well as to the environment due to their toxicity and volatility, and because they accumulate and persist in the soil. For this reason, countries participating in the Stockholm Convention agreed to reduce or eliminate their use. The objective of this work was to verify the presence of OCPs in the main agricultural areas (North and Central) of the state of Sonora. Using the matrix solid phase dispersion method and gas chromatography, 17 OCPs were extracted from 45 sampled fields. Five soil samples were collected (from surface layer and at a depth of 60 cm) from each field. Crop managers were interviewed to obtain historical information on crops and application of OCPs. All (100%) of respondents reported having used OCPs. OCP recovery percentages were 78 to 116% with a CV < 20%. Fifteen pesticides in agricultural fields of rural development districts were found in the range of not detected (nd) to 45.75μg kg-1. In Caborca: 1.22-9.62, Hermosillo: nd-7.49, Magdalena: 0.73-24.40, Ures: nd-18.78, and Guaymas: 1.43-45.75. Those found most frequently were DDE, endosulfan, γ-chlordane, heptachlor and endrin epoxy. Positive correlations between organic matter and OCPs suggest that organic matter favors OCP accumulation in agricultural soils. The results indicate that agricultural areas in Sonora are contaminated and are a risk to human, wildlife and ecosystem health.

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          Maternal Residence Near Agricultural Pesticide Applications and Autism Spectrum Disorders among Children in the California Central Valley

          Background Ambient levels of pesticides (“pesticide drift”) are detectable at residences near agricultural field sites. Objective Our goal was to evaluate the hypothesis that maternal residence near agricultural pesticide applications during key periods of gestation could be associated with the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children. Methods We identified 465 children with ASD born during 1996–1998 using the California Department of Developmental Services electronic files, and matched them by maternal date of last menstrual period to 6,975 live-born, normal-birth-weight, term infants as controls. We determined proximity to pesticide applications using California Department of Pesticide Regulation records refined using Department of Water Resources land use polygons. A staged analytic design applying a priori criteria to the results of conditional logistic regressions was employed to exclude associations likely due to multiple testing error. Results Of 249 unique hypotheses, four that described organochlorine pesticide applications—specifically those of dicofol and endosulfan—occurring during the period immediately before and concurrent with central nervous system embryogenesis (clinical weeks 1 through 8) met a priori criteria and were unlikely to be a result of multiple testing. Multivariate a posteriori models comparing children of mothers living within 500 m of field sites with the highest nonzero quartile of organochlorine poundage to those with mothers not living near field sites suggested an odds ratio for ASD of 6.1 (95% confidence interval, 2.4–15.3). ASD risk increased with the poundage of organochlorine applied and decreased with distance from field sites. Conclusions The association between residential proximity to organochlorine pesticide applications during gestation and ASD among children should be further studied.
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            Residential Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides and Risk of Childhood Leukemia

            Background Incidence of childhood leukemia in industrialized countries rose significantly during 1975–2004, and the reasons for the increase are not understood. Objectives We used carpet dust as an exposure indicator to examine the risk of childhood leukemia in relation to residential exposure to persistent organochlorine chemicals: six polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and the pesticides α- and γ-chlordane, p,p′-DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), p,p′-DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), methoxychlor, and pentachlorophenol. Methods We conducted a population-based case–control study in 35 counties in northern and central California in 2001–2006. The study included 184 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cases 0–7 years of age and 212 birth certificate controls matched to cases by birth date, sex, race, and Hispanic ethnicity. We collected carpet dust samples from the room where the child spent the most time before diagnosis (similar date for controls) using a specialized vacuum. Results Detection of any PCB congener in the dust conferred a 2-fold increased risk of ALL [odds ratio (OR) = 1.97; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.22–3.17]. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of total PCBs, the highest quartile was associated with about a 3-fold risk (OR = 2.78; 95% CI, 1.41–5.48), and the positive trend was significant (p = 0.017). Significant positive trends in ALL risk were apparent with increasing concentrations of PCB congeners 118, 138, and 153. We observed no significant positive associations for chlordane, DDT, DDE, methoxychlor, or pentachlorophenol. The associations with PCBs were stronger among non-Hispanic whites than among Hispanics despite similar distributions of PCB levels among controls in each racial/ethnic group. Conclusions Our findings suggest that PCBs, which are considered probable human carcinogens and cause perturbations of the immune system, may represent a previously unrecognized risk factor for childhood leukemia.
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              Exposure to a Complex Cocktail of Environmental Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds Disturbs the Kisspeptin/GPR54 System in Ovine Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

              Background Ubiquitous environmental chemicals, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are associated with declining human reproductive health, as well as an increasing incidence of cancers of the reproductive system. Verifying such links requires animal models exposed to “real-life,” environmentally relevant concentrations/mixtures of EDC, particularly in utero, when sensitivity to EDC exposure is maximal. Objectives We evaluated the effects of maternal exposure to a pollutant cocktail (sewage sludge) on the ovine fetal reproductive neuroendocrine axes, particularly the kisspeptin (KiSS-1)/GPR54 (G-protein–coupled receptor 54) system. Methods KiSS-1, GPR54, and ERα (estrogen receptor α) mRNA expression was quantified in control (C) and treated (T) maternal and fetal (110-day) hypothalami and pituitary glands using semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and colocalization of kisspeptin with LHβ (luteinizing hormone β) and ERα in C and T fetal pituitary glands quantified using dual-labeling immunohistochemistry. Results Fetuses exposed in utero to the EDC mixture showed reduced KiSS-1 mRNA expression across three hypothalamic regions examined (rostral, mid, and caudal) and had fewer kisspetin immunopositive cells colocalized with both LHβ and ERα in the pituitary gland. In contrast, treatment had no effect on parameters measured in the adult ewe hypothalamus or pituitary. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the developing fetus is sensitive to real-world mixtures of environmental chemicals, which cause significant neuroendocrine alterations. The important role of kisspeptin/GPR54 in regulating puberty and adult reproduction means that in utero disruption of this system is likely to have long-term consequences in adulthood and represents a novel, additional pathway through which environmental chemicals perturb human reproduction.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                tl
                Terra Latinoamericana
                Terra Latinoam
                Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C.
                2395-8030
                March 2014
                : 32
                : 1
                : 1-11
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C. Mexico
                [2 ] Universidad de Sonora Mexico
                [3 ] Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Mexico
                Article
                S0187-57792014000100001
                fd5d9872-38fc-4acf-b036-9a943fad7c6c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Categories
                Soil Science

                Soil
                Sonora,toxicity,soil degradation,estado de Sonora,toxicidad,degradación de suelos
                Soil
                Sonora, toxicity, soil degradation, estado de Sonora, toxicidad, degradación de suelos

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