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      Impact of Plaque Composition on Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Coronary Artery Occlusive Disease

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          Abstract

          Background and Objectives

          It is unclear which plaque component is related with long-term clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery occlusive disease (CAOD). We assessed the relationship between plaque compositions and long-term clinical outcomes in those patients.

          Subjects and Methods

          The study subjects consisted of 339 consecutive patients (mean 61.7±12.2 years old, 239 males) who underwent coronary angiogram and a virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound examination. Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), including all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events, and target vessel revascularization were evaluated during a mean 28-month follow-up period.

          Results

          Patients with high fibrofatty volume (FFV, >8.90 mm 3, n=169) had a higher incidence of MACCE (25.4% vs. 14.7%, p=0.015), male sex (75.7% vs. 65.3%, p=0.043), acute coronary syndrome (53.3% vs. 35.9%, p=0.002), multivessel disease (62.7% vs. 41.8%, p<0.001) and post-stent slow flow (10.7% vs. 2.4%, p=0.002) than those with low FFV (FFV≤8.90 mm 3, n=170). Other plaque composition factors such as fibrous area/volume, dense calcified area/volume, and necrotic core area/volume did not show any impact on MACCE. Cardiogenic shock {hazard ratio (HR)=8.44; 95% confidence interval (CI)=3.00-23.79; p<0.001} and FFV (HR=1.85; 95% CI=1.12-3.07; p=0.016) were the independent predictors of MACCE by Cox regression analysis. Thin-cap fibroatheroma, necrotic core area, and necrotic core volume were not associated with MACCE.

          Conclusion

          FFV of a culprit lesion was associated with unfavorable long-term clinical outcomes in patients with CAOD.

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          Most cited references22

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          Lessons From Sudden Coronary Death

          Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 20(5), 1262-1275
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            Coronary plaque classification with intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis.

            Atherosclerotic plaque stability is related to histological composition. However, current diagnostic tools do not allow adequate in vivo identification and characterization of plaques. Spectral analysis of backscattered intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) data has potential for real-time in vivo plaque classification. Eighty-eight plaques from 51 left anterior descending coronary arteries were imaged ex vivo at physiological pressure with the use of 30-MHz IVUS transducers. After IVUS imaging, the arteries were pressure-fixed and corresponding histology was collected in matched images. Regions of interest, selected from histology, were 101 fibrous, 56 fibrolipidic, 50 calcified, and 70 calcified-necrotic regions. Classification schemes for model building were computed for autoregressive and classic Fourier spectra by using 75% of the data. The remaining data were used for validation. Autoregressive classification schemes performed better than those from classic Fourier spectra with accuracies of 90.4% for fibrous, 92.8% for fibrolipidic, 90.9% for calcified, and 89.5% for calcified-necrotic regions in the training data set and 79.7%, 81.2%, 92.8%, and 85.5% in the test data, respectively. Tissue maps were reconstructed with the use of accurate predictions of plaque composition from the autoregressive classification scheme. Coronary plaque composition can be predicted through the use of IVUS radiofrequency data analysis. Autoregressive classification schemes performed better than classic Fourier methods. These techniques allow real-time analysis of IVUS data, enabling in vivo plaque characterization.
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              Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques: role of extracellular lipid, macrophage, and smooth muscle cell content.

              To assess the size of the lipid pool and the number of smooth muscle cells and monocyte/macrophages in human aortic plaques that were intact and to compare the results with those in aortic plaques undergoing ulceration and thrombosis. The lipid pool was measured as a percentage of the total cross sectional area of the plaque. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify cell types (monocytes/macrophages (M phi) by EBM11 and HAM56, smooth muscle cells by alpha actin). The area of the tissue occupied by each cell type was measured by quantitative microscopy in the peripheral (shoulder) area of the plaque and the plaque cap. Absolute counts of each cell type were expressed as the ratio of SMC:M phi. Aortas were obtained at necropsy from men aged less than 69 years who died suddenly (within 6 hours of the onset of symptoms) of ischaemic heart disease. 155 plaques from 13 aortas were studied. Four aortas showed intact plaques only (group A, n = 31). Nine aortas showed both intact plaques (group B, n = 79) and plaques that were undergoing thrombosis (group C, n = 45). In 41 (91.1%) of the 45 plaques undergoing thrombosis (group C) lipid pools occupied more than 40% of the cross sectional area of the plaque. Only 12 (10.9%) of the 110 intact plaques (groups A + B) had lipid pools of this size. The mean size of the lipid pool in plaques of groups A, B, and C was 12.7%, 27.3% and 56.7% respectively. Compared with intact plaques those undergoing thrombosis contained a smaller volume of smooth muscle cells (2.8% v 11.8%) and a larger volume of monocyte/macrophages (13.7% v 2.9%) in the plaque cap. The ratio of the number of smooth muscle cells to monocytes/macrophages was 7.8 in group A plaques, 4.1 in group B plaques, and 1.0 in group C plaques. This gradient was the result of an absolute increase in monocyte/macrophages and an absolute decrease in smooth muscle cells. In the aorta ulceration and thrombosis were characteristic of plaques with a high proportion of their volume occupied by extracellular lipid, and in which there was a shift toward a preponderance of monocyte/macrophages compared with smooth muscle cells in the cap.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Korean Circ J
                Korean Circ J
                KCJ
                Korean Circulation Journal
                The Korean Society of Cardiology
                1738-5520
                1738-5555
                June 2013
                30 June 2013
                : 43
                : 6
                : 377-383
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Cardiology, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
                [2 ]Division of Cardiology, Andong Sungso Hospital, Andong, Korea.
                [3 ]Division of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
                [4 ]Division of Epidemiology, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea.
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Jang-Ho Bae, MD, Division of Cardiology, Konyang University Hospital, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-718, Korea. Tel: 82-42-600-9400, Fax: 82-42-600-9420, janghobae@ 123456yahoo.co.kr
                Article
                10.4070/kcj.2013.43.6.377
                3717420
                23882286
                fd6cc78b-f654-4ce1-9069-5c68a9ad3b18
                Copyright © 2013 The Korean Society of Cardiology

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 15 April 2013
                : 20 May 2013
                : 31 May 2013
                Categories
                Original Article

                Cardiovascular Medicine
                intravascular ultrasonography,plaque, atherosclerotic,coronary artery disease

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