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      Genetic and Epidemiologic Trends of Norovirus Outbreaks in the United States from 2013 to 2016 Demonstrated Emergence of Novel GII.4 Recombinant Viruses

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          ABSTRACT

          Noroviruses are the most frequent cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis in the United States. Between September 2013 and August 2016, 2,715 genotyped norovirus outbreaks were submitted to CaliciNet. GII.4 Sydney viruses caused 58% of the outbreaks during these years. A GII.4 Sydney virus with a novel GII.P16 polymerase emerged in November 2015, causing 60% of all GII.4 outbreaks in the 2015-2016 season. Several genotypes detected were associated with more than one polymerase type, including GI.3, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4 Sydney, GII.13, and GII.17, four of which harbored GII.P16 polymerases. GII.P16 polymerase sequences associated with GII.2 and GII.4 Sydney viruses were nearly identical, suggesting common ancestry. Other common genotypes, each causing 5 to 17% of outbreaks in a season, included GI.3, GI.5, GII.2, GII.3, GII.6, GII.13, and GII.17 Kawasaki 308. Acquisition of alternative RNA polymerases by recombination is an important mechanism for norovirus evolution and a phenomenon that was shown to occur more frequently than previously recognized in the United States. Continued molecular surveillance of noroviruses, including typing of both polymerase and capsid genes, is important for monitoring emerging strains in our continued efforts to reduce the overall burden of norovirus disease.

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          Author and article information

          Contributors
          Role: Editor
          Journal
          J Clin Microbiol
          J. Clin. Microbiol
          jcm
          jcm
          JCM
          Journal of Clinical Microbiology
          American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )
          0095-1137
          1098-660X
          10 May 2017
          23 June 2017
          July 2017
          : 55
          : 7
          : 2208-2221
          Affiliations
          [a ]CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
          [b ]Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
          [c ]Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Decatur, Georgia, USA
          [d ]Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
          [e ]Synergy America, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA
          Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
          Author notes
          Address correspondence to Jan Vinjé, jvinje@ 123456cdc.gov .

          J.L.C. and L.B. contributed equally to this article.

          Citation Cannon JL, Barclay L, Collins NR, Wikswo ME, Castro CJ, Magaña LC, Gregoricus N, Marine RL, Chhabra P, Vinjé J. 2017. Genetic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the United States from 2013 to 2016 demonstrated emergence of novel GII.4 recombinant viruses. J Clin Microbiol 55:2208–2221. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00455-17.

          Article
          PMC5483924 PMC5483924 5483924 00455-17
          10.1128/JCM.00455-17
          5483924
          28490488
          fd96c6be-f16e-4a7c-a170-5e7ef9847796
          Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

          All Rights Reserved.

          History
          : 20 March 2017
          : 19 April 2017
          : 25 April 2017
          Page count
          supplementary-material: 1, Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 77, Pages: 14, Words: 9288
          Categories
          Virology
          Custom metadata
          July 2017

          noroviruses,genetic recombination,genotypic identification

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