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      Location of Tessellations in Ocular Fundus and Their Associations with Optic Disc Tilt, Optic Disc Area, and Axial Length in Young Healthy Eyes

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          Abstract

          Tessellated fundus is found as common and early-phase characteristic of myopic eyes and their locations are varied among patients. However, the relationship between their locations and morphological parameters of the eyes is still unknown. The purpose is this study is to determine the locations of the tessellations in the ocular fundus of young healthy eyes, and to determine relationships between their locations and morphological parameters of the eyes. This is a prospective observational cross sectional study of 126 eyes of 126 healthy volunteers (mean age 26.0±4.1 years). The eyes were classified into eight groups based on the location of the tessellations; no tessellation, temporal, infra-temporal, inferior, nasal, peripapillary, whole retina, and unclassified tessellations. The degree of optic disc tilt was quantified using a sine curve fitting program on the optical coherence tomographic circle scan images. The correlations between each tessellation location and the axial length, area of the optic disc plus conus (AOC), and optic disc tilt were determined. Forty-four eyes were place in the no tessellation group, 12 eyes in the temporal, 21 eyes in the infra-temporal, 9 eyes in the inferior, 8 eyes in the nasal, 15 eyes in the peripapillary, 11 eyes in the whole, and 6 eyes in the unclassified groups. The differences in the axial lengths between the no tessellation group and the infra-temporal groups were significant. A significant difference was found in the AOC between the no tessellation and the inferior, infra-temporal, and peripapilalry groups. A significant difference was found in the optic disc tilt between the no tessellation and infra-temporal groups ( P<0.05). The tessellations are located at specific sites in the fundus of young healthy eyes with the infra-temporal location most frequent. It was correlated with some parameters associated with myopia.

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          Improvements on Littmann's method of determining the size of retinal features by fundus photography.

          A G Bennett, A R Rudnicka, D F Edgar (1994)
          Littmann's formula relating the size of a retinal feature to its measured image size on a telecentric fundus camera film is widely used. It requires only the corneal radius, ametropia, and Littmann's factor q obtained from nomograms or tables. These procedures are here computerized for practitioners' convenience. Basic optical principles are discussed, showing q to be a constant fraction of the theoretical ocular dimension k', the distance from the eye's second principal point to the retina. If the eye's axial length is known, three new methods of determining q become available: (a) simply reducing the axial length by a constant 1.82 mm; (b) constructing a personalized schematic eye, given additional data; (c) ray tracing through this eye to extend calculations to peripheral retinal areas. Results of all these evaluations for 12 subjects of known ocular dimensions are presented for comparison. Method (a), the simplest, is arguably the most reliable. It shows good agreement with Littmann's supplementary procedure when the eye's axial length is known.
          Article 0 comments Cited 253 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Causes of blindness and visual impairment in urban and rural areas in Beijing: the Beijing Eye Study.

            Liang Xu, Yaxing Wang, Yibin Li … (2006)
            To evaluate the causes of visual impairment and blindness in adult Chinese in an urban and rural region of Beijing, China. Population-based prevalence survey. From a rural region and an urban region of Greater Beijing, 4439 of 5324 > or=40-year-old invited subjects participated in the study (response rate, 83.4%). Using the World Health Organization (WHO) standard and the United States standard, blindness was defined as best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the better-seeing eye of or =20/400, and of or =2/20, respectively. Determination of BCVA, pneumotonometry, frequency doubling perimetry, evaluation of photographs of the fundus and lens, and clinical examination. Causes of visual impairment and blindness. Visual acuity measurements were available for 8816 eyes of 4409 subjects (99.3%). Using the WHO standard and the U.S. standard, 49 (1.1%) subjects and 95 (2.2%) subjects, respectively, had low vision, and 13 (0.3%) subjects and 15 (0.3%) subjects, respectively, were blind by definition. Taking the whole study population, the most frequent cause of low vision/blindness was cataract (36.7%/38.5%), followed by degenerative myopia (32.7%/7.7%), glaucoma (14.3%/7.7%), corneal opacity (6.1%/15.4%), and other optic nerve damage (2.0%/7.7%). Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (2.0%/7.7%) and diabetic retinopathy (0%/7.7%) were responsible for a minority of cases. In subjects 40 to 49 years old, the most frequent cause of low vision and blindness was degenerative myopia. In the 50- to 59-year age group, the most frequent cause was cataract, followed by degenerative myopia. In the 60- to 69-year-old subjects and the > or =70-year group, the most frequent cause of low vision and blindness was cataract, followed by degenerative myopia and glaucoma. The most frequent cause of low vision and blindness in adult Chinese is cataract, followed by degenerative myopia and glaucomatous optic neuropathy, with degenerative myopia dominating in younger groups and cataract dominating in elder groups. In contrast to studies in Western countries, AMD and diabetic retinopathy appear to play a minor role as a cause of visual impairment in elderly Chinese.
            Article 0 comments Cited 203 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in a Japanese adult population: the Tajimi Study.

              Aiko Iwase, Makoto Araie, Atsuo Tomidokoro … (2006)
              To determine the prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in a Japanese adult population. Population-based cross-sectional study. Randomly selected residents (n = 3870) of Tajimi City, Japan, who were 40 years of age or older. Of the 3021 study participants (78.1% of 3870 eligible persons), 2977 (76.9%) underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination including measurement of the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) with full subjective refraction using a Landolt ring chart at 5 m. Age- and gender-specific prevalence rates of low vision and blindness were estimated and causes were identified. Low vision and blindness were defined as BCVA in the better eye worse than 20/60 to a lower limit of 20/400 and worse than 20/400, respectively (World Health Organization [WHO] criteria) and worse than 20/40 but better than 20/200 and 20/200 or worse, respectively (United States criteria). The overall prevalence of blindness according to the WHO or U.S. criteria was 0.14% (n = 4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06-0.32). The primary causes were optic atrophy, myopic macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and uveitis. The overall prevalence of low vision according to the WHO criteria was 0.39% (95% CI, 0.18%-0.60%) and according to the U.S. criteria was 0.98% (95% CI, 0.66%-1.30%), which was significantly greater in women and in the older half of the participants than in the younger half (P = 0.0079 and <0.0001, respectively). The leading causes of low vision in descending order were cataract followed by glaucoma, and those of monocular blindness were myopic macular degeneration, glaucoma, and trauma. The prevalence of low vision and blindness in Japanese adults was one of the lowest among those reported. The major causes of low vision were cataract and glaucoma, and the leading cause of monocular blindness was myopic macular degeneration.
              Article 0 comments Cited 186 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Demetrios G. Vavvas: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 June 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0156842
                Affiliations
                [001]Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
                Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: HT TY TS. Performed the experiments: TY NY MT YK. Analyzed the data: NY TY KN. Wrote the paper: HT TS.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-16-13412
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156842
                PMC ID: 4898735
                PubMed ID: 27275584
                SO-VID: fdc3a086-21d7-407b-b8e7-8ebb2dac2f21
                Copyright © © 2016 Terasaki et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 2 April 2016
                Date accepted : 22 May 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Pages: 8
                Funding
                Funded by: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of the Japanese Government, Tokyo, Japan.
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of the Japanese Government, Tokyo, Japan.
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of the Japanese Government, Tokyo, Japan.
                Award Recipient :
                This study was sponsored by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of the Japanese Government, Tokyo, Japan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Head
                Subject: Eyes
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Head
                Subject: Eyes
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Eyes
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Eyes
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Ocular Anatomy
                Subject: Optic Disc
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Ocular Anatomy
                Subject: Optic Disc
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Ophthalmology
                Subject: Eye Diseases
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Ophthalmology
                Subject: Visual Impairments
                Subject: Myopia
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Ophthalmology
                Subject: Eye Diseases
                Subject: Glaucoma
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Diagnostic Medicine
                Subject: Signs and Symptoms
                Subject: Atrophy
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Signs and Symptoms
                Subject: Atrophy
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Subject: Mathematical Functions
                Subject: Curve Fitting
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Ocular Anatomy
                Subject: Choroid
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Ocular Anatomy
                Subject: Choroid
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and Supporting Information file.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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