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      Artificial intelligence‐assisted endoscopy changes the definition of mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis

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          Abstract

          The relevance of endoscopic monitoring of ulcerative colitis (UC) has been translated into the new concept of “mucosal healing (MH)” as the therapeutic goal to achieve because a large amount of scientific data have revealed the favorable prognostic value of a healed mucosa in determining the clinical outcome of UC. Recent interest in MH has skewed toward not only endoscopic remission but also histological improvement (so called histological MH). However, we should recognize that there have been no prospectively validated endoscopic scoring systems of UC activity in previous clinical trials. Artificial intelligence (AI)‐assisted endoscopy has been developed for gastrointestinal cancer surveillance. Recently, several AI‐assisted endoscopic systems have been developed for assessment of MH in UC. In the future, the development of a new endoscopic scoring system based on AI might standardize the definition of MH. Therefore, “The road to an exact definition of MH in the treatment of UC has begun only now”.

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          Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease

          Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two common forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), affect over 2.5 million people of European ancestry with rising prevalence in other populations 1 . Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and subsequent meta-analyses of CD and UC 2,3 as separate phenotypes implicated previously unsuspected mechanisms, such as autophagy 4 , in pathogenesis and showed that some IBD loci are shared with other inflammatory diseases 5 . Here we expand knowledge of relevant pathways by undertaking a meta-analysis of CD and UC genome-wide association scans, with validation of significant findings in more than 75,000 cases and controls. We identify 71 new associations, for a total of 163 IBD loci that meet genome-wide significance thresholds. Most loci contribute to both phenotypes, and both directional and balancing selection effects are evident. Many IBD loci are also implicated in other immune-mediated disorders, most notably with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis. We also observe striking overlap between susceptibility loci for IBD and mycobacterial infection. Gene co-expression network analysis emphasizes this relationship, with pathways shared between host responses to mycobacteria and those predisposing to IBD.
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            To Err Is Human : Building a Safer Health System

            (2000)
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              Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                hiropynakase@gmail.com
                Journal
                Dig Endosc
                Dig Endosc
                10.1111/(ISSN)1443-1661
                DEN
                Digestive Endoscopy
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0915-5635
                1443-1661
                08 October 2020
                September 2021
                : 33
                : 6 ( doiID: 10.1111/den.v33.6 )
                : 903-911
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Hokkaido Japan
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Corresponding: Hiroshi Nakase, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S‐1, W‐16, Chuoku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060‐8543, Japan. Email: hiropynakase@ 123456gmail.com

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2848-6586
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5010-8357
                Article
                DEN13825
                10.1111/den.13825
                8647580
                32909283
                fdc622da-51f3-4d6c-9f80-853dc21df1be
                © 2020 The Authors. Digestive Endoscopy published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 02 July 2020
                : 19 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 1, Pages: 9, Words: 5844
                Funding
                Funded by: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grants‐in‐Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI)
                Award ID: JP18H02799
                Funded by: Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for research on intractable diseases from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (Investigation and Research for intractable Inflammatory Bowel Disease )
                Categories
                Review
                Reviews
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                September 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.9 mode:remove_FC converted:06.12.2021

                artificial intelligence,histological healing,mucosal healing,red density system,ulcerative colitis

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