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      Towards the integration of animal‐borne instruments into global ocean observing systems

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          Abstract

          Marine animals are increasingly instrumented with environmental sensors that provide large volumes of oceanographic data. Here, we conduct an innovative and comprehensive global analysis to determine the potential contribution of animal‐borne instruments (ABI) into ocean observing systems (OOSs) and provide a foundation to establish future integrated ocean monitoring programmes. We analyse the current gaps of the long‐term Argo observing system (>1.5 million profiles) and assess its spatial overlap with the distribution of marine animals across eight major species groups (tuna and billfishes, sharks and rays, marine turtles, pinnipeds, cetaceans, sirenians, flying seabirds and penguins). We combine distribution ranges of 183 species and satellite tracking observations from >3,000 animals. Our analyses identify potential areas where ABI could complement OOS. Specifically, ABI have the potential to fill gaps in marginal seas, upwelling areas, the upper 10 m of the water column, shelf regions and polewards of 60° latitude. Our approach provides the global baseline required to plan the integration of ABI into global and regional OOS while integrating conservation and ocean monitoring priorities.

          Abstract

          Marine animals are increasingly instrumented with environmental sensors that provide large volumes of oceanographic data. By linking sampling gaps in ocean monitoring with marine animal distributions, this study provides new insights into using such sensors more efficiently to complement ocean observing systems at global and regional scales. With limited potential to monitor the deep ocean, animal‐borne instruments could fill the gaps in marginal seas, upwelling areas, the upper 10 m of the water column, shelf regions and polewards of 60° latitude. This contribution could benefit ocean research in reducing monitoring biases and improving our understanding of key oceanographic processes.

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          Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling.

          A Bakun (1990)
          A mechanism exists whereby global greenhouse warning could, by intensifying the alongshore wind stress on the ocean surface, lead to acceleration of coastal upwelling. Evidence from several different regions suggests that the major coastal upwelling systems of the world have been growing in upwelling intensity as greenhouse gases have accumulated in the earth's atmosphere. Thus the cool foggy summer conditions that typify the coastlands of northern California and other similar upwelling regions might, under global warming, become even more pronounced. Effects of enhanced upwelling on the marine ecosystem are uncertain but potentially dramatic.
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            Niches, models, and climate change: assessing the assumptions and uncertainties.

            As the rate and magnitude of climate change accelerate, understanding the consequences becomes increasingly important. Species distribution models (SDMs) based on current ecological niche constraints are used to project future species distributions. These models contain assumptions that add to the uncertainty in model projections stemming from the structure of the models, the algorithms used to translate niche associations into distributional probabilities, the quality and quantity of data, and mismatches between the scales of modeling and data. We illustrate the application of SDMs using two climate models and two distributional algorithms, together with information on distributional shifts in vegetation types, to project fine-scale future distributions of 60 California landbird species. Most species are projected to decrease in distribution by 2070. Changes in total species richness vary over the state, with large losses of species in some "hotspots" of vulnerability. Differences in distributional shifts among species will change species co-occurrences, creating spatial variation in similarities between current and future assemblages. We use these analyses to consider how assumptions can be addressed and uncertainties reduced. SDMs can provide a useful way to incorporate future conditions into conservation and management practices and decisions, but the uncertainties of model projections must be balanced with the risks of taking the wrong actions or the costs of inaction. Doing this will require that the sources and magnitudes of uncertainty are documented, and that conservationists and resource managers be willing to act despite the uncertainties. The alternative, of ignoring the future, is not an option.
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              Improved estimates of ocean heat content from 1960 to 2015

              A new assessment of how much heat Earth has accumulated since 1960 is made by examining ocean heat content changes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                D.March@exeter.ac.uk
                Journal
                Glob Chang Biol
                Glob Chang Biol
                10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2486
                GCB
                Global Change Biology
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1354-1013
                1365-2486
                27 November 2019
                February 2020
                : 26
                : 2 ( doiID: 10.1111/gcb.v26.2 )
                : 586-596
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Marine Turtle Research Group Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
                [ 2 ] ICTS SOCIB – Balearic Islands Coastal Observing and Forecasting System Parc Bit Palma de Mallorca Spain
                [ 3 ] Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
                [ 4 ] IMEDEA (CSIC‐UIB) Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies Esporles Spain
                [ 5 ] Instituto Español de Oceanografía Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence and present address

                David March, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK.

                Email: D.March@ 123456exeter.ac.uk

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6118-761X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3513-6816
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6311-0093
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2404-5679
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3845-0034
                Article
                GCB14902
                10.1111/gcb.14902
                7027834
                31675456
                fdef4ac7-df0d-45e2-921c-7feb3531670c
                © 2019 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 28 May 2019
                : 10 September 2019
                : 17 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, Pages: 11, Words: 8807
                Funding
                Funded by: Fundación BBVA , open-funder-registry 10.13039/100007406;
                Funded by: European Union , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100007601;
                Award ID: 794938
                Funded by: Spanish Government
                Award ID: FJCI‐2014‐20064
                Award ID: CAS17/00193
                Categories
                Primary Research Article
                Primary Research Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                February 2020
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:18.02.2020

                animal‐borne instruments,argo,global ocean observing system,marine vertebrates,multi‐platform ocean observation,operational oceanography,pinnipeds,satellite tracking,sea turtles

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