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      External motivation to avoid prejudice alters neural responses to targets varying in race and status

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          Abstract

          Those who are high in external motivation to respond without prejudice (EMS) tend to focus on non-racial attributes when describing others. This fMRI study examined the neural processing of race and an alternative yet stereotypically relevant attribute (viz., socioeconomic status: SES) as a function of the perceiver’s EMS. Sixty-one White participants privately formed impressions of Black and White faces ascribed with high or low SES. Analyses focused on regions supporting race- and status-based reward/salience (NAcc), evaluation (VMPFC) and threat/relevance (amygdala). Consistent with previous findings from the literature on status-based evaluation, we observed greater neural responses to high-status ( vs low-status) targets in all regions of interest when participants were relatively low in EMS. In contrast, we observed the opposite pattern when participants were relatively high in EMS. Notably, all effects were independent of target race. In summary, White perceivers’ race-related motivations similarly altered their neural responses to the SES of Black and White targets. Specifically, the findings suggest that EMS may attenuate the positive value and/or salience of high status in a mixed-race context. Findings are discussed in the context of the stereotypic relationship between race and SES.

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          Most cited references85

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          Ventromedial prefrontal-subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning.

          The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) comprises a set of interconnected regions that integrate information from affective sensory and social cues, long-term memory, and representations of the 'self'. Alhough the vmPFC is implicated in a variety of seemingly disparate processes, these processes are organized around a common theme. The vmPFC is not necessary for affective responses per se, but is critical when affective responses are shaped by conceptual information about specific outcomes. The vmPFC thus functions as a hub that links concepts with brainstem systems capable of coordinating organism-wide emotional behavior, a process we describe in terms of the generation of affective meaning, and which could explain the common role played by the vmPFC in a range of experimental paradigms. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            What does the amygdala contribute to social cognition?

            The amygdala has received intense recent attention from neuroscientists investigating its function at the molecular, cellular, systems, cognitive, and clinical level. It clearly contributes to processing emotionally and socially relevant information, yet a unifying description and computational account have been lacking. The difficulty of tying together the various studies stems in part from the sheer diversity of approaches and species studied, in part from the amygdala's inherent heterogeneity in terms of its component nuclei, and in part because different investigators have simply been interested in different topics. Yet, a synthesis now seems close at hand in combining new results from social neuroscience with data from neuroeconomics and reward learning. The amygdala processes a psychological stimulus dimension related to saliency or relevance; mechanisms have been identified to link it to processing unpredictability; and insights from reward learning have situated it within a network of structures that include the prefrontal cortex and the ventral striatum in processing the current value of stimuli. These aspects help to clarify the amygdala's contributions to recognizing emotion from faces, to social behavior toward conspecifics, and to reward learning and instrumental behavior.
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              Optimal experimental design for event-related fMRI

              An important challenge in the design and analysis of event‐related or single‐trial functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments is to optimize statistical efficiency, i.e., the accuracy with which the event‐related hemodynamic response to different stimuli can be estimated for a given amount of imaging time. Several studies have suggested that using a fixed inter‐stimulus‐interval (ISI) of at least 15 sec results in optimal statistical efficiency or power and that using shorter ISIs results in a severe loss of power. In contrast, recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using ISIs as short as 500 ms while still maintaining considerable efficiency or power. Here, we attempt to resolve this apparent contradiction by a quantitative analysis of the relative efficiency afforded by different event‐related experimental designs. This analysis shows that statistical efficiency falls off dramatically as the ISI gets sufficiently short, if the ISI is kept fixed for all trials. However, if the ISI is properly jittered or randomized from trial to trial, the efficiency improves monotonically with decreasing mean ISI. Importantly, the efficiency afforded by such variable ISI designs can be more than 10 times greater than that which can be achieved by fixed ISI designs. These results further demonstrate the feasibility of using identical experimental designs with fMRI and electro‐/magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG) without sacrificing statistical power or efficiency of either technique, thereby facilitating comparison and integration across imaging modalities. Hum. Brain Mapping 8:109–114, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci
                Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci
                scan
                Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
                Oxford University Press
                1749-5016
                1749-5024
                January 2018
                25 October 2017
                25 October 2017
                : 13
                : 1
                : 22-31
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychology
                [2 ]The Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to Jasmin Cloutier, Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, 5848 S. University Ave. Chicago, IL 60637, USA. E-mail: jcloutier@ 123456uchicago.edu

                Bradley D. Mattan and Jennifer T. Kubota contributed equally to this study.

                Article
                nsx128
                10.1093/scan/nsx128
                5793846
                29077925
                fdf344ad-ebe7-4712-abca-e33fc9efa317
                © The Author (2017). Published by Oxford University Press.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                : 18 April 2017
                : 11 October 2017
                : 23 October 2017
                Page count
                Pages: 10
                Funding
                Funded by: NIH 10.13039/100000002
                Award ID: 1S10OD018448-01
                Categories
                Original Articles

                Neurosciences
                socioeconomic status,race,person evaluation,external motivation to respond without prejudice

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