Nutritional Therapy in Liver Transplantation

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Abstract

Protein-energy malnourishment is commonly encountered in patients with end-stage liver disease who undergo liver transplantation. Malnutrition may further increase morbidity, mortality and costs in the post-transplantation setting. The importance of carefully assessing the nutritional status during the work-up of patients who are candidates for liver replacement is widely recognized. The metabolic abnormalities induced by liver failure render the conventional assessment of nutritional status to be challenging. Preoperative loss of skeletal muscle mass, namely, sarcopenia, has a significant detrimental impact on post-transplant outcomes. It is essential to provide sufficient nutritional support during all phases of liver transplantation. Oral nutrition is preferred, but tube enteral nutrition may be required to provide the needed energy intake. Herein, the latest currently employed perioperative nutritional interventions in liver transplant recipients are thoroughly illustrated including synbiotics, micronutrients, branched-chain amino acid supplementation, immunonutrition formulas, fluid and electrolyte balance, the offering of nocturnal meals, dietary counselling, exercise and rehabilitation.

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Most cited references 127

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Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performance, and functional impairment with aging in older men and women.

Matthew J. Delmonico, Tamara B. Harris, Jung-Sun Lee … (2007)

To compare two methods for classifying an individual as sarcopenic for predicting decline in physical function in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Observational cohort study with 5 years of follow-up. Communities in Memphis, Tennessee, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Men and women aged 70 to 79 (N=2,976, 52% women, 41% black). Appendicular lean mass (aLM) was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and participants were classified as sarcopenic first using aLM divided by height squared and then using aLM adjusted for height and body fat mass (residuals). Incidence of persistent lower extremity limitation (PLL) was measured according to self-report, and change in objective lower extremity performance (LEP) measures were observed using the Short Physical Performance Battery. There was a greater risk of incident PLL in women who were sarcopenic using the residuals sarcopenia method than in women who were not sarcopenic (hazard ratio (HR)=1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.11-1.61) but not in men. Those defined as sarcopenic using the aLM/ht(2) method had lower incident PLL than nonsarcopenic men (HR=0.76, 95% CI=0.60-0.96) and women (HR=0.75, 95% CI=0.60-0.93), but these were no longer significant with adjustment for body fat mass. Using the residuals method, there were significantly poorer LEP scores in sarcopenic men and women at baseline and Year 6 and greater 5-year decline, whereas sarcopenic men defined using the aLM/ht(2) method had lower 5-year decline. Additional adjustment for fat mass attenuated this protective effect. These findings suggest that sarcopenia defined using the residuals method, a method that considers height and fat mass together, is better for predicting disability in an individual than the aLM/ht(2) method, because it considers fat as part of the definition.

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ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Liver disease.

M. Plauth, E Cabré, O Riggio … (2006)

Enteral nutrition (EN) by means of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) and tube feeding (TF) offers the possibility to increase or to insure nutrient intake in case of insufficient oral food intake. The present guideline is intended to give evidence-based recommendations for the use of ONS and TF in patients with liver disease (LD). It was developed by an interdisciplinary expert group in accordance with officially accepted standards and is based on all relevant publications since 1985. The guideline was discussed and accepted in a consensus conference. EN by means of ONS is recommended for patients with chronic LD in whom undernutrition is very common. ONS improve nutritional status and survival in severely malnourished patients with alcoholic hepatitis. In patients with cirrhosis, TF improves nutritional status and liver function, reduces the rate of complications and prolongs survival. TF commenced early after liver transplantation can reduce complication rate and cost and is preferable to parenteral nutrition. In acute liver failure TF is feasible and used in the majority of patients.

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Nocturnal nutritional supplementation improves total body protein status of patients with liver cirrhosis: a randomized 12-month trial.

Carl Muthu, Anthony McCall, Sachin Mathur … (2008)

Patients with liver cirrhosis exhibit early onset of gluconeogenesis after short-term fasting. This accelerated metabolic reaction to starvation may underlie their increased protein requirements and muscle depletion. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the hypothesis that provision of a late-evening nutritional supplement over a 12-month period would improve body protein stores in patients with cirrhosis. A total of 103 patients (68 male, 35 female; median age 51, range 28-74; Child-Pugh grading: 52A, 31B, 20C) were randomized to receive either daytime (between 0900 and 1900 hours) or nighttime (between 2100 and 0700 hours) supplementary nutrition (710 kcal/day). Primary etiology of liver disease was chronic viral hepatitis (67), alcohol (15), cholestatic (6), and other (15). Total body protein (TBP) was measured by neutron activation analysis at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Total daily energy and protein intakes were assessed at baseline and at 3 months by comprehensive dietary recall. As a percentage of values predicted when well, TBP at baseline was similar for the daytime (85 +/- 2[standard error of the mean]%) and nighttime (84 +/- 2%) groups. For the nighttime group, significant increases in TBP were measured at 3 (0.38 +/- 0.10 kg, P = 0.0004), 6 (0.48 +/- 0.13 kg, P = 0.0007), and 12 months (0.53 +/- 0.17 kg, P = 0.003) compared to baseline. For the daytime group, no significant changes in TBP were seen. Daily energy and protein intakes at 3 months were higher than at baseline in both groups (P < 0.0001), and these changes did not differ between the groups. Provision of a nighttime feed to patients with cirrhosis results in body protein accretion equivalent to about 2 kg of lean tissue sustained over 12 months. This improved nutritional status may have important implications for the clinical course of these patients.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutrients

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutrients

Journal ID (publisher-id): nutrients

Title: Nutrients

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6643

Publication date (Electronic): 16 October 2017

Publication date Collection: October 2017

Volume: 9

Issue: 10

Electronic Location Identifier: 1126

Affiliations

[1 ]Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; ahmedhammad2005@ 123456yahoo.com (A.H.); dr.vusal@ 123456outlook.com (V.A.); uemoto@ 123456kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp (S.U.)

[2 ]Department of General Surgery, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt

[3 ]L’AORN Children’s Hospital Santobono and Pausilipon, Napoli 80122, Italy; cla.mandato@ 123456gmail.com

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: kaido@ 123456kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp ; Tel.: +81-75-751-4323; Fax: +81-75-751-4348

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Vusal Aliyev https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0730-7737

Article

Publisher ID: nutrients-09-01126

DOI: 10.3390/nu9101126

PMC ID: 5691742

PubMed ID: 29035319

SO-VID: fdff2ae2-9983-4bc3-801d-bd0381633ecf

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Nutritional Therapy in Liver Transplantation

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Karger: Nutrition and Dietetics

Most cited references 127

Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performance, and functional impairment with aging in older men and women.

ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Liver disease.

Nocturnal nutritional supplementation improves total body protein status of patients with liver cirrhosis: a randomized 12-month trial.

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