Candida  prevalence and oral hygiene due to orthodontic therapy with conventional brackets

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Abstract

Background

Conventional brackets are often used during orthodontic therapy of patients with malocclusion. The complex construction of such brackets greatly inhibits oral hygiene, which predisposes to increased carriage of microbiota. Orthodontic brackets could act as reservoir of yeast and predispose to oral candidosis. The aim of this study was to assess Candida prevalence and the role of oral hygiene during fixed appliance therapy . A further aim was to characterize the isolated yeasts according to their ability to form biofilms.

Methods

Seventeen participants (average age 17 ± 7 years) were monitored by taking oral rinses and elastomeric ligature samples, and by evaluating the approximal plaque index (API) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) before and after placement of the orthodontic conventional brackets for 12 weeks. Isolated yeasts were counted and biofilm formation was evaluated.

Results

One hundred and sixteen samples (67 oral rinses and 49 orthodontic elastomers) were collected. Ten patients (58.8% subjects) were Candida-carriers (two were colonized after bracket placement) and C. albicans was the most common species. The average number of yeasts in the oral cavity showed some fluctuation during the study, but in general had an upward trend (adj. R2 = 0.7967, p = 0.07025). A correlation was found between median number of yeasts and the periodontal indices (API, GBI). The average API values decreased in the Candida-carriers (adj. R ² = 0.95; p = 0.01709), while average GBI values increased in the noncarriers (adj. R ² = 0.92; p = 0.0256).

Conclusions

Treatment with orthodontic appliances promotes Candida yeast colonization, which is variable over time in terms of strain and species, with dominance of C. albicans, and without increased biofilm-forming activity. The API value decreases over time in carriers, and the GBI value increases in uncolonized patients, which may have predictive significance for the development of oral candidiasis during orthodontic treatment.

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Most cited references 13

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Candida albicans Increases Dentine Demineralization Provoked by Streptococcus mutans Biofilm.

Aline Sampaio, Samilly Souza, Antonio P Ricomini-Filho … (2019)

Streptococcus mutans are considered the most cariogenic bacteria, but it has been suggested that Candida albicans could increase their cariogenicity. However, the effect of this dual-species microorganisms' combination on dentine caries has not been experimentally evaluated. Biofilms of C. albicans, S. mutans and C. albicans + S. mutans (n = 12/biofilm) were grown in ultra-filtered tryptone yeast extract broth culture medium for 96 h on root dentine slabs of known surface hardness and exposed 8 times per day for 3 min to 10% sucrose. The medium was changed 2 times per day (after the 8 cariogenic challenges and after the overnight period of famine), and aliquots were analyzed to determinate the pH (indicator of biofilm acidogenicity). After 96 h, the biofilms were collected to determine the wet weight, colony-forming units, and the amounts of extracellular polysaccharides (soluble and insoluble). Dentine demineralization was assessed by surface hardness loss (% SHL). The architecture of the biofilms was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The dual-species C. albicans + S. mutans biofilm provoked higher % SHL on dentine (p < 0.05) than the S. mutans and C. albicans biofilm. This was supported by the results of biofilm acidogenicity and the amounts of soluble (6.4 ± 2.14 vs. 4.0 ± 0.94 and 1.9 ± 0.97, respectively) and insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (24.9 ± 9.22 vs. 18.9 ± 5.92 and 0.7 ± 0.48, respectively) (p < 0.05). The C. albicans biofilm alone presented low cariogenicity. The images by CLSM and TEM, respectively, suggest that the C. albicans + S. mutans biofilm is more voluminous than the S. mutans biofilm, and S. mutans cells interact with C. albicans throughout polysaccharides from the biofilm matrix. These findings show that C. albicans enhances the cariogenic potential of the S. mutans biofilm, increasing dentine demineralization.

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Candida and Oral Candidosis: A Review

Lakshman Samaranayake, M. EI-Kabir, C Scully (2016)

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The effects of orthodontic appliances on Candida in the human mouth.

Scott Wong, Kyoko Hibino, Urban Hägg … (2009)

Candida is an opportunistic pathogen present in about 50-60% of the healthy human population, and becomes pathogenic when the host immune defence is undermined such as in HIV infection. Adhesion and colonization of the oral cavity by Candida albicans is an initial step in candidosis, and the presence of orthodontic and other oral appliances seems to alter the oral ecological environment, hence may tip the balance to favour the candidal presence. The purpose of this paper was to review the literature with specific attention to prevalence; intra-oral density of the candidal organisms; and Candida carriage status in orthodontic patients before, during, and after treatment. The limited amount of literature demonstrated that the density of Candida increases; the most common Candida species isolated in the orthodontic patients was C. albicans; and that there seems to be a direct relationship between the presence of a removable appliance, Candida, and low salivary pH levels. No healthy patients developed Candida infection from the orthodontic appliances. However, there seems to be a trend that some non-Candida carriers converted to Candida carriers following the insertion of the appliances by unknown mechanism. This may indicate a more cautious approach when providing orthodontic treatments to immunocompromised children concerning the possible increased risk of candidal infection.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Kinga Grzegocka:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9177-9544

kinga.grzegocka@uj.edu.pl

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Oral Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Oral Health

Title: BMC Oral Health

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6831

Publication date (Electronic): 10 October 2020

Publication date PMC-release: 10 October 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 20

Electronic Location Identifier: 277

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.5522.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2162 9631, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, , Jagiellonian University Medical College, ; ul. Montelupich 4/108, 31-155 Kraków, Poland

[2 ]GRID grid.5522.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2162 9631, Department of Mycology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, , Jagiellonian University Medical College, ; Kraków, Poland

[3 ]GRID grid.5522.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2162 9631, Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, , Jagiellonian University Medical College, ; Kraków, Poland

Author information

Kinga Grzegocka https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9177-9544

Paweł Krzyściak https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-9409

Anna Hille-Padalis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9244-9301

Jolanta E. Loster https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8759-0810

Katarzyna Talaga-Ćwiertnia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0811-9295

Bartłomiej W. Loster https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5724-5808

Article

Publisher ID: 1267

DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01267-4

PMC ID: 7547526

PubMed ID: 33036600

SO-VID: fe11dc6d-6242-47a8-9d44-4f953721b157

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 1 April 2020

Date accepted : 30 September 2020

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004569, Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego;

Award ID: K/ZDS/003737

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

Keywords: orthodontic brackets,candida,oral hygiene,periodontal index

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

Keywords: orthodontic brackets, candida, oral hygiene, periodontal index

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Candida prevalence and oral hygiene due to orthodontic therapy with conventional brackets

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