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      The Detrimental Effect of Noisy Visual Input on the Visual Development of Human Infants

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          Summary

          We followed visual development in a rare yet large sample of patients with congenital bilateral cataract for 4 years. We divided the patients into two groups: a complete deprivation group with no response to a flashlight pointing to either of their eyes and otherwise an incomplete deprivation group. All the patients received cataract surgery at age of 3 months. From 27 months onward, the complete deprivation group showed better developmental outcomes in acuity and eyeball growth than the incomplete deprivation group. Such a seemingly counterintuitive finding is consistent with research on visually deprived animals. Plasticity is better preserved in animals receiving a short period of complete visual deprivation from birth than in animals who saw diffuse light. The current finding that plasticity in visual development is better preserved in human infants with complete visual deprivation than in those who can see diffuse light but not patterned visual input has important clinical implications.

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          Highlights

          • •

            Infants with complete deprivation have developed better acuity than incomplete ones

          • •

            Plasticity is better preserved in complete deprivation infants than in incomplete ones

          • •

            Infants with complete deprivation have less myopic shift than incompletes ones

          • •

            Early noisy input has the detrimental effect on human visual development

          Abstract

          Ophthalmology; Human Physiology; Biology of Human Development

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          Most cited references20

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          Functional postnatal development of the rat primary visual cortex and the role of visual experience: dark rearing and monocular deprivation.

          Michela Fagiolini, Tommaso Pizzorusso, Nicoletta Berardi … (1994)
          Postnatal development of rat visual cortical functions was studied by recording extracellularly from the primary visual cortex of 22 animals ranging in age from postnatal day 17 (P17) to P45. We found that in the youngest animals (P17-P19) all visual cortical functions tested were immature. Selectivity for orientation and movement direction of visual stimuli was almost absent, most cells received binocular input and their mean receptive field size was 5-6 times the adult size. Visual acuity was half its adult value. These functional properties developed gradually during the following weeks and by P45 they were all adult-like. This functional development is affected by manipulations of the visual input such as dark rearing (DR) and monocular deprivation (MD). DR prevented the normal postnatal maturation of visual cortical functions: in P60 rats, dark reared from birth, their visual cortical functions resembled those of P19-P21 rats. MD from P15 to P45 resulted in a dramatic shift of the ocular dominance distribution (ODD) in favour of the open eye and in a loss of visual acuity for the deprived eye. To determine the sensitive period of rat visual cortex to MD (critical period) we evaluated the shift in ODD of visual cortical neurones in rats that were subjected to the progressive delay of the onset of fixed MD period (10 days). Our results show that the critical period begins around the end of the third postnatal week, peaks between the fourth and fifth week and starts to decline from the end of the fifth week.
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            Development of pattern vision following early and extended blindness.

            Amy Kalia, Luis Lesmes, Michael Dörr … (2014)
            Visual plasticity peaks during early critical periods of normal visual development. Studies in animals and humans provide converging evidence that gains in visual function are minimal and deficits are most severe when visual deprivation persists beyond the critical period. Here we demonstrate visual development in a unique sample of patients who experienced extended early-onset blindness (beginning before 1 y of age and lasting 8-17 y) before removal of bilateral cataracts. These patients show surprising improvements in contrast sensitivity, an assay of basic spatial vision. We find that contrast sensitivity development is independent of the age of sight onset and that individual rates of improvement can exceed those exhibited by normally developing infants. These results reveal that the visual system can retain considerable plasticity, even after early blindness that extends beyond critical periods.
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              Prolonged sensitivity to monocular deprivation in dark-reared cats.

              M Cynader, Elizabeth D Mitchell (1980)
              Article 0 comments Cited 27 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Haotian Lin
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): iScience
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): iScience
                Title: iScience
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2589-0042
                Publication date PMC-release: 26 December 2019
                Publication date Collection: 24 January 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 December 2019
                Volume: 23
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100803
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
                [2 ]Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
                [3 ]Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
                [4 ]Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami 33136, USA
                Author notes
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author gddlht@ 123456aliyun.com
                [5]

                These authors contributed equally

                [6]

                Lead Contact

                Article
                Publisher ID: S2589-0042(19)30549-8 Publisher ID: 100803
                DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100803
                PMC ID: 6992998
                PubMed ID: 31958759
                SO-VID: fe27cab5-86b7-4e02-8238-ce46b957f1d3
                Copyright © © 2019 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 30 May 2019
                Date revision received : 4 November 2019
                Date accepted : 19 December 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: ophthalmology,human physiology,biology of human development
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ophthalmology, human physiology, biology of human development

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