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      Distribución espacial de bracónidos (Hymenoptera) reportados en el estado de Oaxaca Translated title: Spatial distribution of braconids (Hymenoptera) records from the state of Oaxaca

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          Abstract

          Se presenta un listado de 300 morfoespecies, de las cuales se determinaron 83 especies y 146 géneros de Braconidae en el estado de Oaxaca. Se analizó la distribución espacial de los bracónidos registrados y se georreferenciaron los datos. Elaborándose un Sistema de Información Geográfica con los datos de cada especie registrada en literatura y material depositado en colecciones científicas. Las regiones con mayor abundancia de géneros fueron Costa, Valles Centrales e Istmo y las subfamilias más diversas fueron Agathidinae y Doryctinae. Para la selva mediana subperennifolia, se registró el mayor número de géneros (81), entre los más representativos se encontraron Heterospilus, Opius y Bracon. En zonas con temperaturas cálidas se registró el 85 % de los géneros, incluyendo representantes de las subfamilias Alysiinae, Euphorinae, Doryctinae y Microgastrinae. El clima con mayor presencia de bracónidos fue el cálido subhúmedo y las subfamilias más abundantes fueron Doryctinae y Microgastrinae. En el clima semicálido subhúmedo se encontraron especialmente especímenes de Agathidinae. Los parasitoides se distribuyeron desde los 20 a 2900 msnm, pero el mayor número de registros se encontró a una altitud de 736 m y el género Heterospilus fue el mejor representado.

          Translated abstract

          A list of 300 morphospecies of Braconidae from State of Oaxaca is presented, of these 83 species and 146 genera were identified. In the study the spatial distribution of braconid was analyzed, records and data were georeferenced. A Geographic Information System with the species recorded from literature and material deposited in scientific collections was developed. The regions with the highest abundance of genera were Costa, Central Valleys and Istmo, the subfamilies most diverse were represented by Agathidinae and Doryctinae. The vegetation with highest incidence of records was the evergreen tropical forest that included 81 genera, the most representative genera were Heterospilus, Opius, and Bracon. The distribution of Braconidae in warm temperatures represented 85 % of the genera, being the subfamilies Alysiinae, Euphorinae, Doryctinae, and Microgastrinae the most representative. The climate with major presence of braconids was the warm humid and the most abundant subfamilies were Doryctinae and Microgastrinae. In the semi-warm humid climate there were found especially specimens of the subfamily Agathidinae. The parasitoids were distributed from 20 to 2900 m of altitude, but the greatest number of records were found at the height of 736 m and the genus Heterospilus was the best represented.

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          Making mistakes when predicting shifts in species range in response to global warming.

          Many attempts to predict the biotic responses to climate change rely on the 'climate envelope' approach, in which the current distribution of a species is mapped in climate-space and then, if the position of that climate-space changes, the distribution of the species is predicted to shift accordingly. The flaw in this approach is that distributions of species also reflect the influence of interactions with other species, so predictions based on climate envelopes may be very misleading if the interactions between species are altered by climate change. An additional problem is that current distributions may be the result of sources and sinks, in which species appear to thrive in places where they really persist only because individuals disperse into them from elsewhere. Here we use microcosm experiments on simple but realistic assemblages to show how misleading the climate envelope approach can be. We show that dispersal and interactions, which are important elements of population dynamics, must be included in predictions of biotic responses to climate change.
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            A review and evaluation of intraurban air pollution exposure models.

            The development of models to assess air pollution exposures within cities for assignment to subjects in health studies has been identified as a priority area for future research. This paper reviews models for assessing intraurban exposure under six classes, including: (i) proximity-based assessments, (ii) statistical interpolation, (iii) land use regression models, (iv) line dispersion models, (v) integrated emission-meteorological models, and (vi) hybrid models combining personal or household exposure monitoring with one of the preceding methods. We enrich this review of the modelling procedures and results with applied examples from Hamilton, Canada. In addition, we qualitatively evaluate the models based on key criteria important to health effects assessment research. Hybrid models appear well suited to overcoming the problem of achieving population representative samples while understanding the role of exposure variation at the individual level. Remote sensing and activity-space analysis will complement refinements in pre-existing methods, and with expected advances, the field of exposure assessment may help to reduce scientific uncertainties that now impede policy intervention aimed at protecting public health.
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              Predicting the effects of climate change on natural enemies of agricultural pests

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                azm
                Acta zoológica mexicana
                Acta Zool. Mex
                Instituto de Ecología A.C. (Xalapa )
                0065-1737
                2014
                : 30
                : 3
                : 564-594
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
                [2 ] Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo México
                [3 ] Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos México
                Article
                S0065-17372014000300008
                fe2d4e4c-e6ef-4ae9-8834-c8fdde0d7d3f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                Zoology

                Animal science & Zoology
                parasitoids,georeference,Geographic Information System,Braconidae,parasitoides,georreferenciación,Sistemas de Información Geográfica

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