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      Sexual dimorphism of oxytocin and vasopressin in social cognition and behavior

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          Abstract

          The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) are hormones that are known to mediate social behavior and cognition, but their influence may be sex-dependent. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the sex-related influence of OT and VP on social cognition, focusing on partner preference and sexual orientation, trust and relevant behaviors, memory modulation, and emotion regulation. Most studies have suggested that OT facilitates familiar-partner preference in both sexes, with females being more significant, increased trust in others, especially for male, enhanced memory in either sex, and reduced anxious emotion in males. However, VP-regulated social cognition has been less studied. Other relevant studies have indicated that VP facilitated familiar-partner preference, improved memory, induced empathy formation, increased positive-emotion recognition, and induced anxiety without any sex difference. However, there was a male preponderance among studies, and results were often too complex to draw firm conclusions. Clarifying the interplay between OT/VP and sex hormones in the regulation of social cognition is necessary for further applications.

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          Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality.

          Zoe R. Donaldson, Larry J Young (2008)
          There is growing evidence that the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin modulate complex social behavior and social cognition. These ancient neuropeptides display a marked conservation in gene structure and expression, yet diversity in the genetic regulation of their receptors seems to underlie natural variation in social behavior, both between and within species. Human studies are beginning to explore the roles of these neuropeptides in social cognition and behavior and suggest that variation in the genes encoding their receptors may contribute to variation in human social behavior by altering brain function. Understanding the neurobiology and neurogenetics of social cognition and behavior has important implications, both clinically and for society.
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            Vasopressin and oxytocin release within the brain: a dynamic concept of multiple and variable modes of neuropeptide communication.

            Rainer Landgraf, Inga Neumann (2004)
            As exemplified particularly with vasopressin and oxytocin, release of neuropeptides within the brain occurs from dendrites, somata, and axons of neurosecretory neurons; mechanisms include activation of intracellular Ca2+ stores, changed strength of synaptic input and altered interaction between transcription factors and gene promoters. Upon demand, both diffuse spread of neuropeptides in the extracellular fluid following dendritic release and focal release from axonal terminals may contribute to regionally and temporally varying combinations of neuromodulator and neurotransmitter actions, thus providing a theoretically unlimited variability in interneuronal signaling. Thus, instead of favoring volume or synaptic transmission following central neuropeptide release, a more dynamic concept is presented with multiple and variable modes of release and communication. This concept considers neuropeptides in the extracellular fluid of the brain rather than those in the cerebrospinal fluid or plasma as primary signals, triggering a variety of receptor-mediated effects, including those underlying behavioral and neuroendocrine regulation and psychopathology.
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              Sex differences in anxiety and depression: role of testosterone.

              Jenna McHenry, Nicole Carrier, Elaine Hull … (2014)
              Compelling evidence exists for pervasive sex differences in pathological conditions, including anxiety and depressive disorders, with females more than twice as likely to be afflicted. Gonadal hormones may be a major factor in this disparity, given that women are more likely to experience mood disturbances during times of hormonal flux, and testosterone may have protective benefits against anxiety and depression. In this review we focus on the effects of testosterone in males and females, revealed in both human and animal studies. We also present possible neurobiological mechanisms underlying testosterone's mostly protective benefits, including the brain regions, neural circuits, and cellular and molecular pathways involved. While the precise underlying mechanisms remain unclear, both activational and organizational effects of testosterone appear to contribute to these effects. Future clinical studies are necessary in order to better understand when and how testosterone therapy may be effective in both sexes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Psychol Res Behav Manag
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Psychol Res Behav Manag
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PRBM
                Journal ID (pmc): prbm
                Title: Psychology Research and Behavior Management
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 1179-1578
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 May 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 12
                Pages: 337-349
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310003, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310003, People’s Republic of China
                [4 ]Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Shaohua HuDepartment of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou310003, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail dorhushaohua@ 123456zju.edu.cn
                Article
                Publisher ID: 192951
                DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S192951
                PMC ID: 6529726
                PubMed ID: 31191055
                SO-VID: fe480b2a-8e35-4b45-9b03-cfd9d931c006
                Copyright © © 2019 Lu et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 31 October 2018
                Date accepted : 15 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, References: 106, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: oxytocin,vasopressin,sexual difference,social cognition,social behavior
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: oxytocin, vasopressin, sexual difference, social cognition, social behavior

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