Gallbladder cancer epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular genetics: Recent update

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Abstract

Gallbladder cancer is a malignancy of biliary tract which is infrequent in developed countries but common in some specific geographical regions of developing countries. Late diagnosis and deprived prognosis are major problems for treatment of gallbladder carcinoma. The dramatic associations of this orphan cancer with various genetic and environmental factors are responsible for its poorly defined pathogenesis. An understanding to the relationship between epidemiology, molecular genetics and pathogenesis of gallbladder cancer can add new insights to its undetermined pathophysiology. Present review article provides a recent update regarding epidemiology, pathogenesis, and molecular genetics of gallbladder cancer. We systematically reviewed published literature on gallbladder cancer from online search engine PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed). Various keywords used for retrieval of articles were Gallbladder, cancer Epidemiology, molecular genetics and bullion operators like AND, OR, NOT. Cross references were manually searched from various online search engines (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed,https://scholar.google.co.in/, http://www.medline.com/home.jsp). Most of the articles published from 1982 to 2015 in peer reviewed journals have been included in this review.

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Carcinoma of the gallbladder.

Sanjeev Misra, Arun Chaturvedi, Naresh Misra … (2003)

Carcinoma of the gallbladder is the most common malignant tumour of the biliary tract and a particularly high incidence is observed in Chile, Japan, and northern India. The aetiology of this tumour is complex, but there is a strong association with gallstones. Owing to its non-specific symptoms, gallbladder carcinoma is generally diagnosed late in the disease course, but if a patient with gallstones experiences a sudden change of symptoms, then a cancer diagnosis should be considered. Treatment with radical or extended cholecystectomy is potentially curative, although these procedures are only possible in 10-30% of patients. There is no role for cytoreductive surgery in this disease. If a gallbladder carcinoma is discovered via pathological examination of tissue samples, then the patient should be examined further and should have radical surgery if the tumour is found to be T1b or beyond. Additional port-site excision is necessary if the patient has already had their gallbladder removed during laparoscopy; however, patients with an intact gallbladder who are suspected to have gallbladder carcinoma should not undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients with advanced inoperable disease should receive palliative treatment; however, the role of chemotherapy and radiation in these patients needs further evaluation.

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Salmonella Manipulation of Host Signaling Pathways Provokes Cellular Transformation Associated with Gallbladder Carcinoma.

Tiziana Scanu, Robbert M. Spaapen, Jeroen M. Bakker … (2015)

Cancer is fueled by deregulation of signaling pathways in control of cellular growth and proliferation. These pathways are also targeted by infectious pathogens en route to establishing infection. Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is frequent in the Indian subcontinent, with chronic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection reported as a significant risk factor. However, direct association and causal mechanisms between Salmonella Typhi infection and GBC have not been established. Deconstructing the epidemiological association between GBC and Salmonella Typhi infection, we show that Salmonella enterica induces malignant transformation in predisposed mice, murine gallbladder organoids, and fibroblasts, with TP53 mutations and c-MYC amplification. Mechanistically, activation of MAPK and AKT pathways, mediated by Salmonella enterica effectors secreted during infection, is critical to both ignite and sustain transformation, consistent with observations in GBC patients from India. Collectively, our findings indicate that Salmonella enterica can promote transformation of genetically predisposed cells and is a causative agent of GBC.

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Epidemiology and molecular pathology of gallbladder cancer.

E Lazcano-Ponce, J Miquel, N Muñoz … (2015)

Gallbladder cancer is usually associated with gallstone disease, late diagnosis, unsatisfactory treatment, and poor prognosis. We report here the worldwide geographical distribution of gallbladder cancer, review the main etiologic hypotheses, and provide some comments on perspectives for prevention. The highest incidence rate of gallbladder cancer is found among populations of the Andean area, North American Indians, and Mexican Americans. Gallbladder cancer is up to three times higher among women than men in all populations. The highest incidence rates in Europe are found in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Incidence rates in other regions of the world are relatively low. The highest mortality rates are also reported from South America, 3.5-15.5 per 100,000 among Chilean Mapuche Indians, Bolivians, and Chilean Hispanics. Intermediate rates, 3.7 to 9.1 per 100,000, are reported from Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil. Mortality rates are low in North America, with the exception of high rates among American Indians in New Mexico (11.3 per 100,000) and among Mexican Americans. The main associated risk factors identified so far include cholelithiasis (especially untreated chronic symptomatic gallstones), obesity, reproductive factors, chronic infections of the gallbladder, and environmental exposure to specific chemicals. These suspected factors likely represent promoters of carcinogenesis. The main limitations of epidemiologic studies on gallbladder cancer are the small sample sizes and specific problems in quantifying exposure to putative risk factors. The natural history of gallbladder disease should be characterized to support the allocation of more resources for early treatment of symptomatic gallbladder disease in high-risk populations. Secondary prevention of gallbladder cancer could be effective if supported by cost-effective studies of prophylactic cholecystectomy among asymptomatic gallstone patients in high-risk areas.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): World J Gastroenterol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): World J. Gastroenterol

Journal ID (publisher-id): WJG

Title: World Journal of Gastroenterology

Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc

ISSN (Print): 1007-9327

ISSN (Electronic): 2219-2840

Publication date (Print): 14 June 2017

Publication date (Electronic): 14 June 2017

Volume: 23

Issue: 22

Pages: 3978-3998

Affiliations

Aarti Sharma, Annapurna Gupta, Alka Yadav, Ashok Kumar, Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India

Kiran Lata Sharma, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, John Buhler Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3E 3P4, Canada

Author notes

Author contributions: Sharma A, Sharma KL and Kumar A have written the manuscript; Sharma A, Sharma KL and Gupta A has contributed in literature search; Sharma A, Sharma KL, Gupta A and Yadav A have contributed in designing tables as well as referencing; Kumar A is senior Corresponding author; Sharma KL is co-corresponding author; all the authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

Correspondence to: Dr. Ashok Kumar, Professor, Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India. akgupta@ 123456sgpgi.ac.in

Telephone: +91-522-2494423 Fax: +91-522-2668017

Article

Other ID: jWJG.v23.i22.pg3978

DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i22.3978

PMC ID: 5473118

PubMed ID: 28652652

SO-VID: fe491b86-7b8e-4622-8f86-5ca738fa6654

License:

Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

History

Date received : 24 December 2016

Date revision received : 1 February 2017

Date accepted : 1 June 2017

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Gallbladder cancer epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular genetics: Recent update

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Decoding Infection and Transmission

Most cited references 259

Carcinoma of the gallbladder.

Salmonella Manipulation of Host Signaling Pathways Provokes Cellular Transformation Associated with Gallbladder Carcinoma.

Epidemiology and molecular pathology of gallbladder cancer.

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Cited by 134

Most referenced authors 2,671