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      EMDR for Syrian refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial

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          Abstract

          Background

          The most common mental health problems among refugees are depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for PTSD. However, no previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) has been published on treating PTSD symptoms in a refugee camp population.

          Objective

          Examining the effect of EMDR to reduce the PTSD and depression symptoms compared to a wait-list condition among Syrian refugees.

          Method

          Twenty-nine adult participants with PTSD symptoms were randomly allocated to either EMDR sessions ( n=15) or wait-list control ( n=14). The main outcome measures were Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) at posttreatment and 4-week follow-up.

          Results

          Analysis of covariance showed that the EMDR group had significantly lower trauma scores at posttreatment as compared with the wait-list group (d=1.78, 95% CI: 0.92–2.64). The EMDR group also had a lower depression score after treatment as compared with the wait-list group ( d=1.14, 95% CI: 0.35–1.92).

          Conclusion

          The pilot RCT indicated that EMDR may be effective in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms among Syrian refugees located in a camp. Larger RCTs to verify the (cost-) effectiveness of EMDR in similar populations are needed.

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          Most cited references27

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          Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale - Revised.

          Mark Creamer, Mark Creamer, Salvina Failla (2003)
          This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale -- Revised (IES-R) in two samples of male Vietnam veterans: a treatment-seeking sample with a confirmed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis (N = 120) and a community sample with varying levels of traumatic stress symptomatolgy (N = 154). The scale showed high internal consistency (alpha = 0.96). Confirmatory factor analysis did not provide support for a three-factor solution corresponding to the three subscales of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Exploratory factor analysis suggested that either a single, or a two-factor solution (intrusion/hyperarousal and avoidance), provide the best account of date. However, correlations among the subscales were higher in the community sample than in the treatment sample, suggesting that the IES-R may be sensitive to a more general construct of traumatic stress in those with lower symptom levels. The correlation between the IES-R and the PTSD Checklist was high (0.84) and a cutoff of 1.5 (equivalent to a total score of 33) was found to provide the best diagnostic accuracy.
          Article 0 comments Cited 135 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A critical review of psychological treatments of posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees.

            Zachary Steel, Michael Bryant, Angela Nickerson … (2011)
            Despite much research evidence that refugees suffer from elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), relatively few studies have examined the effectiveness of psychological treatments for PTSD in refugees. The field of refugee mental health intervention is dominated by two contrasting approaches, namely trauma-focused therapy and multimodal interventions. This article firstly defines these two approaches, then provides a critical review of 19 research studies that have been undertaken to investigate the efficacy of these treatments. Preliminary research evidence suggests that trauma-focused approaches may have some efficacy in treating PTSD in refugees, but limitations in the methodologies of studies caution against drawing definitive inferences. It is clear that research assessing the treatment of PTSD in refugees is lagging behind that available for other traumatized populations. The review examines important considerations in the treatment of refugees. A theoretical framework is offered that outlines contextual issues, maintaining factors, change mechanisms and the distinctive challenges to traditional trauma-focused treatments posed by the needs of refugees with PTSD. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
            Article 0 comments Cited 110 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: basic principles, protocols and procedures

              F Shapiro, F. SHAPIRO (2001)
              Book 0 comments Cited 67 times – based on 0 reviews
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EJPT
                Title: European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Publisher: Co-Action Publishing
                ISSN (Print): 2000-8198
                ISSN (Electronic): 2000-8066
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 May 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.3402/ejpt.v6.27414
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychology, Istanbul Sehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
                [2 ]Institute for Behavioral Studies, Istanbul, Turkey
                [3 ]Kilis Refugee Camp, Kilis, Turkey
                [4 ]Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [5 ]School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Ceren Acarturk, Department of Psychology, Istanbul Sehir University, 34660 Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: cerenacarturk@ 123456sehir.edu.tr

                Responsible Editor: Jane Herlihy, Centre for the Study of Emotion and Law, United Kingdom.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 27414
                DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v6.27414
                PMC ID: 4438099
                PubMed ID: 25989952
                SO-VID: fe4c9b38-0899-4b28-b96f-e9b8af3bb6e7
                Copyright © © 2015 Ceren Acarturk et al.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, for any purpose, even commercially, under the condition that appropriate credit is given, that a link to the license is provided, and that you indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

                History
                Date received : 28 January 2015
                Date revision received : 20 April 2015
                Date accepted : 23 April 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Basic Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: refugees,posttraumatic stress disorder,depression,randomized controlled trial,psychotherapy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: refugees, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, randomized controlled trial, psychotherapy

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