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      Review of laser speckle contrast techniques for visualizing tissue perfusion

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          Abstract

          When a diffuse object is illuminated with coherent laser light, the backscattered light will form an interference pattern on the detector. This pattern of bright and dark areas is called a speckle pattern. When there is movement in the object, the speckle pattern will change over time. Laser speckle contrast techniques use this change in speckle pattern to visualize tissue perfusion. We present and review the contribution of laser speckle contrast techniques to the field of perfusion visualization and discuss the development of the techniques.

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          Most cited references62

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          Dynamic imaging of cerebral blood flow using laser speckle.

          A method for dynamic, high-resolution cerebral blood flow (CBF) imaging is presented in this article. By illuminating the cortex with laser light and imaging the resulting speckle pattern, relative CBF images with tens of microns spatial and millisecond temporal resolution are obtained. The regional CBF changes measured with the speckle technique are validated through direct comparison with conventional laser-Doppler measurements. Using this method, dynamic images of the relative CBF changes during focal cerebral ischemia and cortical spreading depression were obtained along with electrophysiologic recordings. Upon middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, the speckle technique yielded high-resolution images of the residual CBF gradient encompassing the ischemic core, penumbra, oligemic, and normally perfused tissues over a 6 x 4 mm cortical area. Successive speckle images demonstrated a further decrease in residual CBF indicating an expansion of the ischemic zone with finely delineated borders. Dynamic CBF images during cortical spreading depression revealed a 2 to 3 mm area of increased CBF (160% to 250%) that propagated with a velocity of 2 to 3 mm/min. This technique is easy to implement and can be used to monitor the spatial and temporal evolution of CBF changes with high resolution in studies of cerebral pathophysiology.
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            Laser Doppler, speckle and related techniques for blood perfusion mapping and imaging.

            J D Briers (2001)
            Laser Doppler velocimetry uses the frequency shift produced by the Doppler effect to measure velocity. It can be used to monitor blood flow or other tissue movement in the body. Laser speckle is a random interference effect that gives a grainy appearance to objects illuminated by laser light. If the object consists of individual moving scatterers (such as blood cells), the speckle pattern fluctuates. These fluctuations provide information about the velocity distribution of the scatterers. It can be shown that the speckle and Doppler approaches are different ways of looking at the same phenomenon. Both these techniques measure at a single point. If a map of the velocity distribution is required, some form of scanning must be introduced. This has been done for both time-varying speckle and laser Doppler. However, with the speckle technique it is also possible to devise a full-field technique that gives an instantaneous map of velocities in real time. This review article presents the theory and practice of these techniques using a tutorial approach and compares the relative merits of the scanning and full-field approaches to velocity map imaging. The article concludes with a review of reported applications of these techniques to blood perfusion mapping and imaging.
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              Laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA): a nonscanning, full-field technique for monitoring capillary blood flow.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                m.j.draijer@utwente.nl
                Journal
                Lasers Med Sci
                Lasers in Medical Science
                Springer-Verlag (London )
                0268-8921
                1435-604X
                3 December 2008
                July 2009
                : 24
                : 4
                : 639-651
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Biophysical Engineering Group Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                Article
                626
                10.1007/s10103-008-0626-3
                2701498
                19050826
                fe505691-983d-49c6-9a28-d9e0afb7206c
                © The Author(s) 2008
                History
                : 9 October 2008
                : 14 October 2008
                Categories
                Review Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag London Ltd 2009

                Medical physics
                lsi,speckle contrast,perfusion,lsfg,lasca
                Medical physics
                lsi, speckle contrast, perfusion, lsfg, lasca

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