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      Maternal and congenital syphilis programmes: case studies in Bolivia, Kenya and South Africa Translated title: Programas contra la sífilis materna y congénita: estudios de casos en Bolivia, Kenya y Sudáfrica Translated title: Programmes de lutte contre la syphilis maternelle et congénitale: études de cas en Afrique du Sud, en Bolivie et au Kenya

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      Bulletin of the World Health Organization
      World Health Organization
      Sífilis congénita, Sífilis congénita, Embarazo, Diagnóstico prenatal, Atención prenatal, Programas nacionales de salud, Entrega integrada de atención de salud, Política de salud, Conocimientos, actitudes y práctica sanitarias, Casos clínicos, Estudio comparativo, Bolivia, Kenya, Sudáfrica, Syphilis congénitale, Syphilis congénitale, Grossesse, Diagnostic prénatal, Soins prénatals, Programme national santé, Distribution intégrée soins, Politique sanitaire, Connaissance, attitude, pratique, Etude de cas, Etude comparative, Afrique du Sud, Bolivie, Kenya, Syphilis, Congenital, Syphilis, Syphilis, Pregnancy, Prenatal diagnosis, Prenatal care, National health programs, Delivery of health care, Integrated, Health policy, Health knowledge, attitudes, practice, Case reports, Comparative study, Bolivia, Kenya, South Africa

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          Abstract

          Preventing congenital syphilis is not technically difficult, however operational difficulties limit the effectiveness of programmes in many settings. This paper reports on programmes in Bolivia, Kenya, and South Africa. All three countries have established antenatal syphilis control programmes. Early antenatal syphilis screening and management of positive cases were difficult to implement since most women presented for their first antenatal clinic visit after 6 months of pregnancy. Most women had rapid plasma reagin (RPR) testing; results were available on the same day in some clinics but took up to 4 weeks in others. No clinic had a system for tracking RPR-reactive women who did not return for their results. There were no guidelines for providers in Kenya and Bolivia. In all countries, supplies, drugs, notification cards, and other consumables were often unavailable. Health-care providers were unmotivated in Kenya and reported an excessive client load. In South Africa and Kenya some clients reported at their exit interview that they had never heard of syphilis nor had they been informed why blood was collected. Several prevention strategies could be implemented at the clinic level. These include encouraging women to attend for antenatal care before the fourth month of pregnancy, providing point-of-care testing so that results are available immediately and women who test positive can be treated, implementing presumptive treatment of sexual partners of women who test positive, adding a second test later in pregnancy so that incident cases can be managed, and improving the quality of syphilis care during pregnancy, delivery, and the neonatal period.

          Translated abstract

          La prevención de la sífilis congénita no plantea dificultades técnicas especiales, pero en muchos lugares existen problemas operativos que limitan la eficacia de dichos programas. En este artículo se informa de programas emprendidos en Bolivia, Kenya y Sudáfrica. Estos tres países han establecido programas de control de la sífilis prenatal. El pesquisaje temprano de la sífilis prenatal y el tratamiento de los casos positivos fueron difíciles de llevar a la práctica debido a que la mayoría de las mujeres efectuaban su primera visita al consultorio prenatal pasados los 6 meses de gestación. Se sometió a la mayoría de las mujeres a una prueba de reagina rápida en plasma (RRP), cuyos resultados estuvieron disponibles el mismo día en algunos consultorios, pero tardaron hasta 4 semanas en otros. Ningún consultorio disponía de un sistema de rastreo de las mujeres RRP-reactivas que no volvían por sus resultados. Kenya y Bolivia carecían de directrices para los proveedores de servicios. En todos los países era frecuente que faltasen suministros, medicamentos, fichas de notificación y otros materiales. Los proveedores de asistencia médica estaban desmotivados en Kenya y decían que tenían una carga excesiva de clientas. En Sudáfrica algunas de éstas declararon a quienes les entrevistaron a la salida del centro que nunca habían oído hablar de la sífilis y que nadie les había explicado el motivo por el cual les habían extraído sangre. Se podrían aplicar varias estrategias a nivel de los consultorios, como por ejemplo alentar a las mujeres a buscar atención prenatal antes del cuarto mes de gestación; informar a las mujeres embarazadas de la importancia de las pruebas y sobre el tratamiento de la sífilis; realizar los análisis en el lugar de consulta para poder disponer inmediatamente de los resultados y para tratar rápidamente a las mujeres que den positivo y administrar también tratamiento preventivo a sus parejas; añadir una segunda prueba en un periodo más avanzado del embarazo a fin de tratar los casos incidentes, y, por último, mejorar la calidad de la asistencia contra la sífilis durante el embarazo, el parto y el periodo neonatal.

          Translated abstract

          Techniquement, la prévention de la syphilis congénitale n'est pas difficile. Cependant, des problèmes opérationnels limitent l'efficacité des programmes dans de nombreux contextes. Le présent article présente les programmes conduits en Afrique du Sud, en Bolivie et au Kenya. Ces trois pays ont mis en œuvre des programmes de lutte anténatale contre la syphilis. Le dépistage anténatal précoce de la syphilis et la prise en charge des cas positifs étaient difficiles à appliquer car la plupart des femmes ne venaient au dispensaire pour leur première visite anténatale qu'après 6 mois de grossesse. Le test RPR (rapid plasma reagin) de dépistage de la syphilis a été pratiqué sur la plupart des femmes ; le résultat était obtenu le jour même dans certains dispensaires mais jusqu'à 4 semaines plus tard dans d'autres. Aucun dispensaire ne disposait d'un système permettant de retrouver les femmes dont le test était positif et qui ne revenaient pas chercher leurs résultats. En Bolivie et au Kenya, il n'existait pas de directives pour les prestataires de services. Dans les trois pays, les fournitures, médicaments, fiches de notification des cas et autres consommables faisaient souvent défaut. Au Kenya, les prestataires de soins n'étaient pas motivés et indiquaient avoir trop de clientes à voir. En Afrique du Sud, certaines clientes ont indiqué dans leur entretien de sortie qu'elles n'avaient jamais entendu parler de la syphilis et qu'elles n'avaient pas été informées de la raison du prélèvement de sang. Plusieurs stratégies de prévention pourraient être appliquées au niveau du dispensaire. On pourrait par exemple : encourager les femmes à venir pour leur première visite anténatale avant le quatrième mois de grossesse ; informer les femmes enceintes de l'importance du dépistage et du traitement de la syphilis ; mettre en œuvre un dépistage sur les lieux de soins de façon à pouvoir lire immédiatement le résultat, à traiter rapidement les femmes dont le résultat est positif et à administrer un traitement présomptif à leur partenaire ; ajouter un deuxième test plus tard au cours de la grossesse afin de pouvoir prendre en charge les incidents cas ; et enfin améliorer la qualité du traitement de la syphilis pendant la grossesse, l'accouchement et la période néonatale.

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          Declining syphilis prevalence in pregnant women in Nairobi since 1995: another success story in the STD field?

          Untreated maternal syphilis during pregnancy will cause adverse pregnancy outcomes in more than 60% of the infected women. In Nairobi, Kenya, the prevalence of syphilis in pregnant women of 2.9% in 1989, showed a rise to 6.5% in 1993, parallel to an increase of HIV-1 prevalence rates. Since the early 1990s, decentralized STD/HIV prevention and control programmes, including a specific syphilis control programme, were developed in the public health facilities of Nairobi. Since 1992 the prevalence of syphilis in pregnant women has been monitored. This paper reports the findings of 81,311 pregnant women between 1994 and 1997. A total of 4244 women (5.3%) tested positive with prevalence rates of 7.2% (95% CI: 6.7-7.7) in 1994, 7.3% (95% CI: 6.9-7.7) in 1995, 4.5% (95% CI: 4.3-4.8) in 1996 and 3.8% (95% CI: 3.6-4.0) in 1997. In conclusion, a marked decline in syphilis seroprevalence in pregnant women in Nairobi was observed since 1995-96 (P<0.0001, Chi-square test for trend) in contrast to upward trends reported between 1990 and 1994-95 in the same population.
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            Maternal and congenital syphilis in Bolivia, 1996: prevalence and risk factors

            OBJECTIVES: The present study was carried out in seven maternity hospitals to determine the prevalence of maternal syphilis at the time of delivery and the associated risk factors, to conduct a pilot project of rapid syphilis testing in hospital laboratories, to assure the quality of syphilis testing, and to determine the rate of congenital syphilis in infants born to women with syphilis at the time of delivery - all of which would provide baseline data for a national prevention programme in Bolivia. METHODS: All women delivering either live-born or stillborn infants in the seven participating hospitals in and around La Paz, El Alto, and Cochabamba between June and November 1996 were eligible for enrolment in the study. FINDINGS: A total of 61 out of 1428 mothers (4.3%) of live-born infants and 11 out of 43 mothers (26%) of stillborn infants were found to have syphilis at delivery. Multivariate analysis showed that women with live-born infants who had less than secondary-level education, who did not watch television during the week before delivery (this was used as an indicator of socioeconomic status), who had a previous history of syphilis, or who had more than one partner during the pregnancy were at increased risk of syphilis. While 76% of the study population had received prenatal care, only 17% had syphilis testing carried out during the pregnancy; 91% of serum samples that were reactive to rapid plasma reagin (RPR) tests were also reactive to fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) testing. There was 96% agreement between the results from local hospital laboratories and national reference laboratories in their testing of RPR reactivity of serum samples. Congenital syphilis infection was confirmed by laboratory tests in 15% of 66 infants born to women with positive RPR and FTA-ABS testing. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that a congenital syphilis prevention programme in Bolivia could substantially reduce adverse infant outcomes due to this disease.
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              Syphilis prevention in pregnancy: an opportunity to improve reproductive and child health in Kenya

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                June 2004
                : 82
                : 6
                : 410-416
                Affiliations
                [03] Geneva orgnameWorld Health Organization orgdiv1Department of HIV/AIDS Switzerland
                [01] Geneva orgnameWorld Health Organization orgdiv1Department of Reproductive Health and Research Switzerland
                [04] Geneva orgnameWorld Health Organization orgdiv1Department of Reproductive Health and Research Switzerland
                [02] Antwerp orgnameUniversity of Antwerp, Epidemiology and Community Medicine Belgium
                Article
                S0042-96862004000600005 S0042-9686(04)08200605
                fe51f8af-3cff-4e24-bd7a-4d17db0d3421

                History
                : 07 October 2003
                : 24 March 2004
                : 21 January 2003
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Policy & Practice Articles

                South Africa,Kenya,Bolivia,Comparative study,Case reports,Health knowledge, attitudes, practice,Health policy,Integrated,Delivery of health care,National health programs,Prenatal care,Prenatal diagnosis,Pregnancy,Syphilis,Syphilis, Congenital,Bolivie,Afrique du Sud,Etude comparative,Etude de cas,Connaissance, attitude, pratique,Politique sanitaire,Distribution intégrée soins,Programme national santé,Soins prénatals,Diagnostic prénatal,Grossesse,Syphilis congénitale,Sudáfrica,Estudio comparativo,Casos clínicos,Conocimientos, actitudes y práctica sanitarias,Política de salud,Entrega integrada de atención de salud,Programas nacionales de salud,Atención prenatal,Diagnóstico prenatal,Embarazo,Sífilis congénita

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