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      Colgajo sural reverso con técnica modificada: nuestra experiencia Translated title: Modified technique for the reverse sural flap: our experience

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción y objetivo. El colgajo sural de flujo reverso continúa siendo una herramienta resolutiva para las lesiones de tejidos blandos complejas del tercio distal de la pierna y del pie. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la experiencia de los autores con la aplicación de una técnica de disección modificada, de distal a proximal, que permite la identificación más sencilla del nervio sural en el plano suprafascial, pudiendo centralizar la isla de piel en el eje real del nervio, mejorando la vascularización de la isla de piel y evitando accidentes como el despegamiento del nervio. Material y método. Entre 2016 y 2019 realizamos cobertura de defectos complejos en miembros inferiores en 13 pacientes con colgajos surales de flujo reverso aplicando la modificación técnica que presentamos. Consiste en realizar una incisión en libro abierto en el tercio distal de la pierna hasta el tejido celular subcutáneo y una disección roma hasta identificar el nervio sural; a continuación se centraliza la isla de piel según el eje real del nervio, se liga el pedículo en la región proximal y se traspone el colgajo al defecto. Identificamos los datos demográficos y las complicaciones más frecuentes en cada caso y utilizamos estadística descriptiva para presentar las características de los pacientes. Resultados. Del total de 13 pacientes, 7 fueron hombres y 6 mujeres La causa del defecto en el miembro inferior fue accidente de tránsito en 9 pacientes, ulcera por presión en 2, quemadura eléctrica en 1 y tumor óseo tipo sarcoma de Ewing en 1. En 2 se realizó colgajo de pierna cruzado. Diez pacientes fueron intervenidos bajo anestesia regional y 3 bajo anestesia general. El tiempo quirúrgico fue de 1 hora y media en 9 pacientes y en el resto de 2 horas. Presentaron complicaciones 4 pacientes: 1 con dehiscencia de sutura, 1 seroma, 1 desprendimiento por tracción de un colgajo cruzado con posterior necrosis total y 1 necrosis parcial. Conclusiones. Esta modificación de la disección y levantamiento del colgajo sural de flujo reverso permite encontrar con mayor facilidad el pedículo y así centrar de manera más precisa la isla de piel, disminuyendo las complicaciones, optimizando la piel a recolectar y por lo tanto el defecto del área donante y permitiendo que esta técnica sea más reproducible.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background and objective. The reverse sural flap is still a resolute tool for complex soft tissue injuries of the distal third of the leg and the foot. The aim of this paper is to present our experience with a modified technique to harvest the reverse sural flap, going first distally to identify the nerve, allowing to centralize the skin paddle in the real nerve axis, improving the vascularization of the skin paddle and avoiding accidents like unnoticed nerve detachment from the flap. Methods. Coverage of complex defects in the lower limb with our modified technique for reverse sural flap was performed between 2016 and 2019 in 13 patients. In this technique the first incision is made distally in the leg finding the sural nerve, then the skin paddle is centralized in the real nerve axis, the pedicle is ligated proximally and the flap is transposed to the defect. Demographic characteristics and the most frequent complications in each case were identified. Descriptive statistics were used to present the patients features. Results. A total of 13 patients were included: 7 male and 6 women. The etiology of the defect was traffic accident in 9 patients, pressure sore in 2 patients, electrical burn in 1 patient and sarcoma of Ewing in 1 patient. In 2 cases a crossed leg skin flap was performed. In 10 patients surgery was done under regional anesthesia and in 3 patients general anesthesia. The surgical time was 1 hour and 30 minutes in 9 patients and in 4 patients was 2 hours. There were 4 complications: 1 suture dehiscence, 1 seroma, 1 case of detachment of a crossed-leg flap by traction with subsequent total necrosis and 1 partial necrosis. Conclusions. This modified dissection technique for the reverse sural flap allows easier finding of the vascular pedicle, put in the center the skin island precisely, diminish the complications and optimize the size of the skin island and the donor site, being this more reproducible.

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          Most cited references24

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          Skin island flaps supplied by the vascular axis of the sensitive superficial nerves: anatomic study and clinical experience in the leg.

          An anatomic study performed on 64 fresh injected legs has shown the role of the vascular axis that follows the superficial sensitive nerves in supplying the skin. Three nerves were studied: the saphenous nerve, the superficial peroneal nerve, and the sural nerve. Conclusions are the same for the three nerves: The vascular axis, which can be either a true artery or an interlacing network, ensures the vascularization of the nerves, gives off several cutaneous branches in the suprafascial course of the nerve, and anastomoses with the septocutaneous arteries issuing from a deep main vessel. The superficial nerves that course the leg can therefore be considered as vascular relays owing to their neurocutaneous arteries. The concept of a neuroskin island flap has been developed and applied to six clinical cases for coverage of some specific areas of the knee and of the lower part of the limb.
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            Reverse-flow island sural flap.

            The reverse flow island sural flap is presented as an alternative to flaps currently used for reconstruction of small and medium substance losses in the distal third of the leg, ankle, and heel. This is a random type of flap, based on the reverse flow of the superficial sural artery, which mainly depends on the anatomy of the perforators of the peroneal artery system. The anatomic structures that constitute the pedicle are the superficial and deep fascias, the sural nerve, the short saphenous vein, and the superficial sural artery. The skin island and the subcutaneous cellular tissue complement the flap proper. This skin island was demarcated at any point of the median or distal thirds of the leg, having the short saphenous vein and the sural nerve on its central axis. The distal dissection limit of the pedicle is located 5 centimeters above the lateral malleolus. This limit is established so as to ensure the integrity of the perforators from the principal arteries of the leg, mainly the peroneal artery, responsible for the reverse flow nourishing the flap. These perforators will affect anastomoses with the superficial sural artery in charge of irrigating the structures compounding the flap.A total of 71 patients were operated on with this technique, some of them with basic pathologic abnormalities limiting the distal blood flow, such as diabetes mellitus, and some others having proven vascular insufficiency or displaying unstable areas attributable to problems such as pseudarthrosis and osteomyelitis, which needed to be covered. Fifteen flaps (21.1 percent) suffered partial necrosis, which did not compromise the final result, and another three (4.2 percent) showed total loss. The flap in question has great mobility and versatility, allowing the treatment of specific areas of the lower limb, without sacrificing important arteries or mobilizing structures that might bring about functional deficits.
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              Outcome comparison between free muscle and free fasciocutaneous flaps for reconstruction of distal third and ankle traumatic open tibial fractures.

              The advantages of free muscle flaps for reconstruction of lower extremity defects have been largely reported to be superior to those of fasciocutaneous flaps. One hundred seventy-four patients received 177 microsurgical free tissue transfers for distal third and ankle open tibial fractures. Patients were divided into two groups. In group I, 96 patients received 98 free muscle flaps (55.4 percent). In group II, 78 patients were treated with 79 free fasciocutaneous flaps (44.6 percent). Complete flap survival was 92.9 percent and 91.1 percent in groups I and II, respectively. Postoperative infection was 11.2 percent in group I and 12.7 percent in group II. Chronic osteomyelitis developed in 9.3 percent and 12.7 percent in groups I and II, respectively. The rate of primary bone union was 84.5 percent in group I and 81 percent in group II and the rate of overall bone union was 96.9 percent in group I and 98.7 percent in group II. Finally, 92 patients in group I and 77 patients in group II could walk without crutches at 2-year follow-up. There were no statistically significant differences between the two flaps. The authors achieved equal functional outcomes in both soft-tissue transfers because of (1) preoperative adequate débridement of wounds and (2) selection of proper free flaps in appropriate defects. Defects with serious tridimensionality needed free muscle flaps because they conform better to such complex defects. However, free fasciocutaneous flaps are reliable and as effective for covering the less three-dimensional distal third and ankle traumatic open tibial fractures as free muscle flaps and can better tolerate the subsequent secondary surgical procedures.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpil
                Cirugía Plástica Ibero-Latinoamericana
                Cir. plást. iberolatinoam.
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética (SECPRE) (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0376-7892
                1989-2055
                June 2020
                : 46
                : 2
                : 187-193
                Affiliations
                [2] Barranquilla Atlántico orgnameUniversidad Simón Bolívar orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Colombia
                [3] Barranquilla Atlántico orgnameUniversidad Simón Bolívar orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Colombia
                [1] Barranquilla Atlántico orgnameUniversidad Simón Bolívar orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Colombia
                Article
                S0376-78922020000300010 S0376-7892(20)04600200010
                10.4321/s0376-78922020000300008
                fe535f3b-3b86-44dc-ac40-351e8d536d9b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 April 2020
                : 19 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Reconstructiva

                Lower limb,Reconstrucción pierna,Extremidad inferior,Colgajo sural,Foot reconstruction,Leg reconstruction,Reconstrucción pie,Reverse sural flap

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