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      COVID-19: el turno de los anticoagulantes Translated title: COVID-19: the turn of anticoagulants

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      Revista de la OFIL
      Organización de Farmacéuticos Ibero-Latinoamericanos

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          Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy

          Background A relatively high mortality of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is worrying, and the application of heparin in COVID‐19 has been recommended by some expert consensus because of the risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation and venous thromboembolism. However, its efficacy remains to be validated. Methods Coagulation results, medications, and outcomes of consecutive patients being classified as having severe COVID‐19 in Tongji hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The 28‐day mortality between heparin users and nonusers were compared, as was a different risk of coagulopathy, which was stratified by the sepsis‐induced coagulopathy (SIC) score or D‐dimer result. Results There were 449 patients with severe COVID‐19 enrolled into the study, 99 of them received heparin (mainly with low molecular weight heparin) for 7 days or longer. D‐dimer, prothrombin time, and age were positively, and platelet count was negatively, correlated with 28‐day mortality in multivariate analysis. No difference in 28‐day mortality was found between heparin users and nonusers (30.3% vs 29.7%, P  = .910). But the 28‐day mortality of heparin users was lower than nonusers in patients with SIC score ≥4 (40.0% vs 64.2%, P  = .029), or D‐dimer >6‐fold of upper limit of normal (32.8% vs 52.4%, P  = .017). Conclusions Anticoagulant therapy mainly with low molecular weight heparin appears to be associated with better prognosis in severe COVID‐19 patients meeting SIC criteria or with markedly elevated D‐dimer.
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            Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: A report of five cases

            Acute respiratory failure and a systemic coagulopathy are critical aspects of the morbidity and mortality characterizing infection with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We examined skin and lung tissues from 5 patients with severe COVID-19 characterized by respiratory failure (n=5) and purpuric skin rash (n=3). The pattern of COVID-19 pneumonitis was predominantly a pauci-inflammatory septal capillary injury with significant septal capillary mural and luminal fibrin deposition and permeation of the inter-alveolar septa by neutrophils. No viral cytopathic changes were observed and the diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) with hyaline membranes, inflammation, and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, hallmarks of classic ARDS, were not prominent. These pulmonary findings were accompanied by significant deposits of terminal complement components C5b-9 (membrane attack complex), C4d, and mannose binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine protease (MASP)2, in the microvasculature, consistent with sustained, systemic activation of the alternative and lectin-based complement pathways. The purpuric skin lesions similarly showed a pauci-inflammatory thrombogenic vasculopathy, with deposition of C5b-9 and C4d in both grossly involved and normally-appearing skin. In addition, there was co-localization of COVID-19 spike glycoproteins with C4d and C5b-9 in the inter-alveolar septa and the cutaneous microvasculature of two cases examined. In conclusion, at least a subset of sustained, severe COVID-19 may define a type of catastrophic microvascular injury syndrome mediated by activation of complement pathways and an associated procoagulant state. It provides a foundation for further exploration of the pathophysiologic importance of complement in COVID-19, and could suggest targets for specific intervention.
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              Attention should be paid to venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the management of COVID-19

              Since December, 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally, infecting more than 1 million people and causing more than 70 000 deaths.1, 2 Among patients with COVID-19, especially those who are severely and critically ill, a variety of potential risk factors for venous thromboembolism exist, including infection, immobilisation, respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation, and central venous catheter use.3, 4 However, to the best of our knowledge, risk of venous thromboembolism in these patients has not yet been reported. Here we use a nationwide dataset from China to provide a delineation of venous thromboembolism risk in patients with COVID-19. On behalf of the National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, together with the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, we collected data from 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in 31 provincial administrative regions throughout the country. 5 The study was supported by the National Health Commission, was designed by the investigators, and was approved by the institutional review board of the National Health Commission. Written informed consent from the patients was waived in light of the urgent need to collect data, and the fact that this was a retrospective analysis of deidentified data. Data were analysed and interpreted by the authors. Continuous variables were expressed as medians with IQR. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were applied to continuous variables, and χ2 tests were used for categorical variables. To estimate the odds ratio (OR) associated with venous thromboembolism risk, variables including outcomes and laboratory findings that were adjusted by age (by use of logistic regression) were further analysed by logistic regression. Venous thromboembolism risk was evaluated on admission to hospital via the Padua Prediction Score; 6 data from 73 patients were excluded because of an absence of clinical information. Of the 1026 patients that were included, 407 (40%) were considered as high risk on the basis of a score of 4 or more—the remaining patients were defined as low risk. Bleeding risk was evaluated according to a published investigation, 7 with patients considered to be at high risk if they had two or more risk factors (aged 40 years or older, had hepatic failure (international normalised ratio >1·5), had severe renal failure (glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min per m2), were admitted to the intensive care unit or the coronary care unit, had a central venous catheter, were diagnosed with a rheumatic disease or active cancer, or were men), or had one of the three major risk factors associated with bleeding: active gastroduodenal ulcer, bleeding in the 3 months before admission, or platelet count less than 50 × 109/L. Patients at high risk of venous thromboembolism were older, and were more likely to have a high risk of bleeding, to have been admitted to the intensive care unit, to have had mechanical ventilation, and to have died as a result of COVID-19 or COVID-19 complications, such as venous thromboembolism, than patients at low risk of venous thromboembolism (table ). Laboratory findings on admission showed that more patients with high risk of venous thromboembolism had abnormal concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and C-reactive protein than did patients with low risk after adjustment for age (appendix). Table Bleeding score, outcomes, and age of patients with COVID-19 with high and low risk of venous thromboembolism according to the Padua Prediction Score Padua Prediction Score <4 (n=619) Padua Prediction Score ≥4 (n=407) OR (95% CI) * p value * High bleeding risk† 7 (1%) 44 (11%) 8·51 (3·74–19·35) <0·0001 Intensive care unit admission 5 (1%) 47 (12%) 12·82 (5·00–32·91) <0·0001 Mechanical ventilation 6 (1%) 57 (14%) 13·17 (5·56–31·19) <0·0001 Mortality 0 (0%) 14 (3%) .. .. Age, years 42 (33–55) 52 (40–64) .. <0·0001 ≥70‡ 19 (3%) of 559 56 (15%) of 384 4·85 (2·83–8·31) <0·0001 Data are n (%) or median (IQR). * Adjusted by age. † Bleeding risk was evaluated according to a previous study. 7 ‡ A threshold of 70 years was selected on the basis of the Padua Prediction Score and age data were not available for all patients. In patients with pneumonia caused by pneumococcal or influenza infection, the occurrence of venous thromboembolism has been shown to be increased.8, 9 Although we do not know the number of patients with COVID-19 who had venous thromboembolism in this cohort, 40% of patients had a high risk, and an estimated 11% of high-risk patients go on to develop venous thromboembolism without prophylaxis. 6 Most venous thromboembolism events can be prevented with appropriate prophylaxis, especially in high-risk patients. However, only ten (7%) of 140 patients for whom anticoagulation data were available in our cohort had received anticoagulant drugs during hospitalisation (nine were given heparin and one rivaroxaban)—a lower proportion than the proportion of patients at high risk of venous thromboembolism. This finding could suggest that venous thromboembolism prophylaxis was not adequate in this cohort of patients with COVID-19. Identifying patients with COVID-19 at high risk of venous thromboembolism and providing appropriate prophylaxis is therefore important. Anticoagulant drugs are the cornerstone for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis; however, among the patients with COVID-19 at high risk of venous thromboembolism in this cohort, 44 (11%) of 407 also had a high risk of bleeding. For these patients, the dose and duration of anticoagulants should be adjusted, and mechanical compressions such as elastic compression stockings or intermittent pneumatic compression are warranted. Patients with COVID-19 can rapidly develop severe or critical disease, causing a series of complications such as renal failure, respiratory failure, or liver dysfunction,2, 3, 10 which can affect both venous thromboembolism and bleeding status. Therefore, assessing venous thromboembolism and bleeding risks regularly is essential. Additionally, we found that patients with COVID-19 with a high risk of venous thromboembolism had poorer outcomes than patients with a low risk, suggesting that these patients might require increased attention in case of rapid deterioration.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ofil
                Revista de la OFIL
                Rev. OFIL·ILAPHAR
                Organización de Farmacéuticos Ibero-Latinoamericanos (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1131-9429
                1699-714X
                2020
                : 30
                : 3
                : 260-261
                Affiliations
                [1] Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Servicio de Farmacia Argentina
                Article
                S1699-714X2020000300260 S1699-714X(20)03000300260
                10.4321/s1699-714x2020000300020
                fe63494e-aa84-470d-9ed6-3c4c64afce30

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 May 2020
                : 28 May 2020
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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 6, Pages: 2
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