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      Cirugía cardiovascular pediátrica en normotermia durante la circulación extracorpórea Translated title: Cardiac Pediatric Surgery in Normothermia during Cardiopulmonary Bypass

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          Abstract

          La hipotermia durante la circulación extracorpórea es un método comúnmente utilizado en cirugía cardiovascular infantil, pero existen evidencias de que induce efectos nocivos. La normotermia como alternativa novedosa en cirugía pediátrica fue introducida por Lecompte en 1995 y actualmente nueve centros europeos acumulan una experiencia de 12 000 intervenciones durante los últimos 15 años. Los reportes clínicos muestran menor  incidencia de complicaciones, disminución en el uso de inotrópicos, menores  tiempos de circulación extracorpórea, de ventilación mecánica y de estadía en terapia intensiva al compararla con la hipotermia. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de identificar elementos fisiopatológicos durante la circulación extracorpórea en normotermia e hipotermia en la cirugía cardiovascular pediátrica, como marco teórico para introducir la normotermia como modalidad de primera elección. Se concluye que la normotermia es una técnica más fisiológica, capaz de proteger los diferentes órganos y sistemas de forma segura y eficaz.

          Translated abstract

          Hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass is a method used in most of the protocols of pediatric cardiac surgery. There are evidences of its side effects. Normothermia in children as a novel strategy, was begun by Lecompte in 1995 and nowadays 12 000 surgical interventions have been performed in nine European centres during the last 15 years. Clinical reports show less incidence of complications and use of inotropic support, shorter cardiopulmonary bypass time, ventilator support and intensive care unit stay when normothermia was used. The aim of this review is identify the physiopathology issues of extracorporeal circulation in normothermia and hypothermia in pediatric cardiac surgery, as theoretical support to introduce normothermia as first line option. The conclusion is that normothermia is more physiological than hypothermia, able to protect organs of the human body in a safe and effective way.

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          Most cited references58

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          Application of a mechanical heart and lung apparatus to cardiac surgery.

          J Gibbon (1954)
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            Hypothermia-induced reversible platelet dysfunction.

            Baboons that were subjected to systemic hypothermia at 32 C had an arm skin temperature of 27.3 C and bleeding time of 5.8 minutes. With local warming of the arm skin to 34 C, the bleeding time was 2.4 minutes. In normothermic baboons with arm skin temperature of 34.6 C, the bleeding time was 3.1 minutes. Local cooling of the arm skin to 27.6 C produced a bleeding time of 6.9 minutes. Increasing the skin temperature of the arm in hypothermic baboons to 38.9 C and in normothermic baboons to 40.1 C reduced bleeding times to 2.1 and 2.3 minutes, respectively. In both hypothermic and normothermic baboons there was a negative and significant correlation between the bleeding time and the arm skin temperature and the thromboxane B2 level in the shed blood obtained at the template bleeding time site. There was a significant positive correlation between the thromboxane B2 level in the shed blood and the arm skin temperature. Both in-vivo and in-vitro studies have shown that the production of thromboxane B2 by platelets is temperature-dependent, and that a cooling of skin temperature produces a reversible platelet dysfunction. Data also suggest that when a hypothermic patient bleeds without surgical cause, skin and wound temperature should be restored to normal before the administration of blood products that are not only expensive but may also transmit disease.
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              Hyperlactatemia during cardiopulmonary bypass: determinants and impact on postoperative outcome

              Introduction Hyperlactatemia during cardiopulmonary bypass is relatively frequent and is associated with an increased postoperative morbidity. The aim of this study was to determine which perfusion-related factors may be responsible for hyperlactatemia, with specific respect to hemodilution and oxygen delivery, and to verify the clinical impact of hyperlactatemia during cardiopulmonary bypass in terms of postoperative morbidity and mortality rate. Methods Five hundred consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were admitted to this prospective observational study. During cardiopulmonary bypass, serial arterial blood gas analyses with blood lactate and glucose determinations were obtained. Hyperlactatemia was defined as a peak arterial blood lactate concentration exceeding 3 mmol/l. Pre- and intraoperative factors were tested for independent association with the peak arterial lactate concentration and hyperlactatemia. The postoperative outcome of patients with or without hyperlactatemia was compared. Results Factors independently associated with hyperlactatemia were the preoperative serum creatinine value, the presence of active endocarditis, the cardiopulmonary bypass duration, the lowest oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass, and the peak blood glucose level. Once corrected for other explanatory variables, hyperlactatemia during cardiopulmonary bypass remained significantly associated with an increased morbidity, related mainly to a postoperative low cardiac output syndrome, but not to mortality. Conclusion Hyperlactatemia during cardiopulmonary bypass appears to be related mainly to a condition of insufficient oxygen delivery (type A hyperlactatemia). During cardiopulmonary bypass, a careful coupling of pump flow and arterial oxygen content therefore seems mandatory to guarantee a sufficient oxygen supply to the peripheral tissues.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ms
                MediSur
                Medisur
                Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos, Centro Provincial de Ciencias Médicas Provincia de Cienfuegos. (Cienfuegos )
                1727-897X
                February 2012
                : 10
                : 1
                : 47-54
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Cardiocentro Pediátrico William Soler Cuba
                Article
                S1727-897X2012000100008
                fe689804-1e76-454c-8526-41b907a993c6

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1727-897X&lng=en
                Categories
                HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES

                Health & Social care
                extracorporeal circulation,surgery,body temperature,hypothermia,body temperature regulation,circulación extracorpórea,cirugía,temperatura corporal,hipotermia,regulación de la temperatura corporal

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