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      Goodenough-Harris Drawing a Man Test (GHDAMT) as a Substitute of Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ2) for Evaluation of Cognition

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The main aim of the current research was evaluation of concurrent validity of the Goodenough–Harris Draw-A-Man Test (GHDAMT) with the problem-solving subscale of ASQ2 among children between 54-60 months old in Tabriz City, northwestern Iran.

          Materials & Methods

          In this cross-sectional study, 136 males and 105 females were selected by simple random sampling from nursery schools in Tabriz City, northwestern Iran in 2014 and tested with GHDAMT and ASQ2 to compare the concurrent validity of these tests in evaluation of cognition. Data were analyzed using Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients and SPSS.16.

          Results

          The mean Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in girls was 128±18.18 and in boys 118±18.50, and the difference was statistically significant P<0.001. There was no statistically significant correlation between GHDAMT and ASQ2 .The statistical correlation was significant between IQ and mental age among children who had -2SD score in problem-solving subscale, but there was no statistical correlation between children who had -1SD score P<0.002. There was no statistically significant correlation between problem-solving subscale of ASQ2 and mental age and IQ.

          Conclusion

          GHDAMT did not have acceptable validity and concurrent validity of the test was less than 0.3. So GHDAMT cannot be used as a substitute of ASQ questionnaire. However, the correlation of two tests in children with intellectual and developmental disability was significant. After doing more studies in further research, it is possible to use GHDAMT as a proper tool for cognition evaluation of these children.

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          Most cited references13

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          Support for the global feasibility of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire as developmental screener.

          To investigate the psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the 48 months Ages and Stages Questionnaire (D_ASQ_48). Prospective cohort study of a community-based sample of children born in 2002 and 2003 whose parents filled out the D_ASQ_48 and a questionnaire on school status at 60 months. The ASQ was translated into Dutch and back-translated into English by three independent translators. Well Child Centers covering 25% of the Netherlands. Parents of 1510 preterm and 562 term children born in 2002-2003 attending routine Well Child visits at age 45-50 months. Reliability, validity and mean population scores for D_ASQ_48 compared to other countries. Mean population scores for the D_ASQ_48 were mostly similar to those in the USA, Norway and Korea. Exceptions (effect sizes of difference >0.5) were problem solving (USA) and fine motor (Korea). Reliability was good for the total score (Cronbach alpha 0.79) and acceptable for all domains (0.61-0.74). As expected, infants born at gestational age <32 weeks, children from low income families, of low educated mothers, and boys were more likely to fail on several domains (odds ratios, OR ranging from 1.5 to 4.9). The only unexpected association concerned children from one-parent families. Sensitivity to predict special education at five years of age was 89% and specificity 80%. The good psychometric properties of the Dutch ASQ_48 and the small differences when compared to other countries support its usefulness in the early detection of developmental problems amongst children worldwide.
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            Screening for developmental delay in the setting of a community pediatric clinic: a prospective assessment of parent-report questionnaires.

            Our goal for this study was to prospectively test whether parent-completed questionnaires can be effectively used in the setting of a busy ambulatory pediatric clinic to accurately screen for developmental impairments. Specific objectives included (1) assessing the feasibility of using parent-report instruments in the setting of a community pediatric clinic, (2) evaluating the accuracy of 2 available screening tests (the Ages and Stages Questionnaire and Child Development Inventory), and (3) ascertaining if the pediatrician's clinical judgment could be used as a potential modifier. Subjects were recruited from the patient population of a community clinic providing primary ambulatory pediatric care. Subjects without previous developmental delay or concerns noted were contacted at the time of their routine 18-month-old visit. Those subjects who agreed to participate were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups and completed either the Ages and Stages Questionnaire or Child Development Inventory. The child's pediatrician also completed a brief questionnaire regarding his or her opinion of the child's development. Those children for whom concerns were identified by either questionnaire underwent additional detailed testing by the Battelle Development Inventory, the "gold standard" for the purposes of this study. An equal number of children scoring within the norms of the screening measures also underwent testing with the Battelle Development Inventory. Of the 356 parents contacted, 317 parents (90%) agreed to participate. Most parents correctly completed the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (81%) and the Child Development Inventory (75%). Predictive values were calculated for the Ages and Stages Questionnaire and the Child Development Inventory (sensitivity: 0.67 and 0.50; specificity: 0.39 and 0.86; positive predictive value: 34% and 50%; negative predictive value: 71% and 86%, respectively). Incorporating the physician's opinion regarding the developmental status of the child did not improve the accuracy of the screening questionnaires. Three important conclusions were reached: (1) parent-completed questionnaires can be feasibly used in the setting of a pediatric clinic; (2) the pediatrician's opinion had little effect in ameliorating the accuracy of either questionnaire; and (3) single-point accuracy of these screening instruments in a community setting did not meet the requisite standard for development screening tests as set by current recommendations. This study raises important questions about how developmental screening can be performed, and we recommend additional research to elucidate a successful screening procedure.
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              Parent-Completed Developmental Screening in Premature Children: A Valid Tool for Follow-Up Programs

              Our goals were to (1) validate the parental Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) as a screening tool for psychomotor development among a cohort of ex-premature infants reaching 2 years, and (2) analyse the influence of parental socio-economic status and maternal education on the efficacy of the questionnaire. A regional population of 703 very preterm infants (<35 weeks gestational age) born between 2003 and 2006 were evaluated at 2 years by their parents who completed the ASQ, by a pediatric clinical examination, and by the revised Brunet Lezine psychometric test with establishment of a DQ score. Detailed information regarding parental socio-economic status was available for 419 infants. At 2 years corrected age, 630 infants (89.6%) had an optimal neuromotor examination. Overall ASQ scores for predicting a DQ score ≤85 produced an area under the receiver operator curve value of 0.85 (95% Confidence Interval:0.82–0.87). An ASQ cut-off score of ≤220 had optimal discriminatory power for identifying a DQ score ≤85 with a sensitivity of 0.85 (95%CI:0.75–0.91), a specificity of 0.72 (95%CI:0.69–0.75), a positive likelihood ratio of 3, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.21. The median value for ASQ was not significantly associated with socio-economic level or maternal education. ASQ is an easy and reliable tool regardless of the socio-economic status of the family to predict normal neurologic outcome in ex-premature infants at 2 years of age. ASQ may be beneficial with a low-cost impact to some follow-up programs, and helps to establish a genuine sense of parental involvement.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Iran J Child Neurol
                Iran J Child Neurol
                IJCN
                Iranian Journal of Child Neurology
                Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran )
                1735-4668
                2008-0700
                Autumn 2018
                : 12
                : 4
                : 94-102
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Pediatrician, Tabriz Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz Child Developmental Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                [2 ]Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
                [3 ]Associate Professor of Physiology School of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Baraheni N. MD, Pediatrician, Tabriz Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz Child Developmental Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Email: pd.md2000@yahoo.com
                Article
                ijcn-12-094
                6160634
                30279712
                fe7489bf-3b73-4a28-9006-d121468f2d54

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 15 January 2016
                : 25 April 2016
                : 24 September 2017
                Categories
                Original Article

                concurrent validity,the goodenough-harris drawing a man test,asq2,cognition

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