Bem-estar subjetivo: autoavaliação em estudantes universitários

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Abstract

O bem-estar subjetivo surgiu como um interessante tema da Psicologia Positiva e tem recebido cada vez mais atenção de pesquisadores da área. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal verificar a eficácia de três instrumentos de autoavaliação do bem-estar subjetivo, a partir de uma população de estudantes universitários da cidade de Ribeirão Preto. Foi realizada a análise estatística descritiva e a análise de componentes principais para os resultados apresentados no Questionário de Felicidade Oxford e na Escala de Felicidade Subjetiva. O Item de Felicidade Global foi analisado apenas por intermédio da estatística descritiva, pois apresentava uma única questão. Partindo do fato de que pesquisas realizadas indicam uma diferença pouco significativa entre autoavaliações realizadas por homens e por mulheres, este estudo traz resultados que confirmam essa constatação quanto às medianas apresentadas em todos os instrumentos, porém aponta diferenças significativas em relação à estrutura dos instrumentos de homens e mulheres para o Questionário de Felicidade Oxford.

Translated abstract

Subjective well-being has appeared as an interesting new subject of Positive Psychology, and as such, has received increasing attention from researchers of the area. In this study the aim was to verify the effectiveness of three self-report instruments of subjective well-being in a population of college students in Ribeirão Preto. The data was submitted to descriptive statistics analysis and to Principal Component Analysis of the results presented in the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and the Subjective Happiness Scale. Both the instruments presented Cronbach's alpha values adjusted for men and women's results, and for all groups. The Global Happiness Item was analyzed only by means of descriptive statistics, because there was only one item presented. Previous researches have indicated no significant difference between auto-evaluations made by men and women. The results of the present study indicate that this confirmed as regards the medians presented in all the instruments, however, they point out significant differences are presented as regards the structure of the instruments of men and women for the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire.

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Subjective well-being. The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index.

E. Diener (1999)

One area of positive psychology analyzes subjective well-being (SWB), people's cognitive and affective evaluations of their lives. Progress has been made in understanding the components of SWB, the importance of adaptation and goals to feelings of well-being, the temperament underpinnings of SWB, and the cultural influences on well-being. Representative selection of respondents, naturalistic experience sampling measures, and other methodological refinements are now used to study SWB and could be used to produce national indicators of happiness.

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Explaining happiness.

R Easterlin (2011)

What do social survey data tell us about the determinants of happiness? First, that the psychologists' setpoint model is questionable. Life events in the nonpecuniary domain, such as marriage, divorce, and serious disability, have a lasting effect on happiness, and do not simply deflect the average person temporarily above or below a setpoint given by genetics and personality. Second, mainstream economists' inference that in the pecuniary domain "more is better," based on revealed preference theory, is problematic. An increase in income, and thus in the goods at one's disposal, does not bring with it a lasting increase in happiness because of the negative effect on utility of hedonic adaptation and social comparison. A better theory of happiness builds on the evidence that adaptation and social comparison affect utility less in the nonpecuniary than pecuniary domains. Because individuals fail to anticipate the extent to which adaptation and social comparison undermine expected utility in the pecuniary domain, they allocate an excessive amount of time to pecuniary goals, and shortchange nonpecuniary ends such as family life and health, reducing their happiness. There is need to devise policies that will yield better-informed individual preferences, and thereby increase individual and societal well-being.