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      Knowledge about and sources of smoking-related knowledge, and influencing factors among male urban secondary school students in Chongqing, China

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          This study examined smoking-related knowledge, sources of smoking-related knowledge and its influencing factor among male urban secondary school students.

          Methods

          We conducted a cross-sectional survey, using a self-administered questionnaire, among 1297 male secondary school students in municipal areas of Chongqing, China.

          Results

          Non-smokers had a better knowledge of smoking hazards than smokers. Less than 20% of students knew that smoking can cause heart disease, peptic ulcer, and cerebral stroke. Sources of smoking-related knowledge differed between smokers and non-smokers, respectively: TV (76.5 vs. 76.7%), teacher (70.1 vs. 62.4%), social network (66.6 vs. 73.1%), parents (57.0 vs. 59.2%), newspaper (55.4 vs. 61.6%), and friends (37.7 vs. 33.9%). Non-smokers’ hobbies of reading were significantly higher than smokers’ (χ 2 = 11.5845, p = 0.0007). Smokers’ hobbies of online games (χ 2 = 14.9106, p = 0.0001), and sports (χ 2 = 4.8609, p = 0.0275) were significantly higher than non-smokers’. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) found that students whose both father and mother smoke were unable to receive tobacco-related knowledge. GEE also found that students in high school, with affluent family economic condition and with an opposing attitude towards father smoking possessed a better smoking-related knowledge. However, male students with disagreement or neutral attitude towards friends smoking were negatively associated with the knowledge of smoking hazards.

          Conclusions

          The findings of the present study suggest that a significant proportion of male secondary school students in urban Chongqing lack specific knowledge about smoking-related diseases. Targeted educational programs for secondary school students in China are needed to promote tobacco control and tobacco use reduction and cessation among students.

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          Most cited references28

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          Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General

          (2012)
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            Individual differences in cognition, affect, and performance: behavioral, neuroimaging, and molecular genetic approaches.

            We describe the use of behavioral, neuroimaging, and genetic methods to examine individual differences in cognition and affect, guided by three criteria: (1) relevance to human performance in work and everyday settings; (2) interactions between working memory, decision-making, and affective processing; and (3) examination of individual differences. The results of behavioral, functional MRI (fMRI), event-related potential (ERP), and molecular genetic studies show that analyses at the group level often mask important findings associated with sub-groups of individuals. Dopaminergic/noradrenergic genes influencing prefrontal cortex activity contribute to inter-individual variation in working memory and decision behavior, including performance in complex simulations of military decision-making. The interactive influences of individual differences in anxiety, sensation seeking, and boredom susceptibility on evaluative decision-making can be systematically described using ERP and fMRI methods. We conclude that a multi-modal neuroergonomic approach to examining brain function (using both neuroimaging and molecular genetics) can be usefully applied to understanding individual differences in cognition and affect and has implications for human performance at work. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Cigarette Smoking and Effects on Hormone Function in Premenopausal Women

              Cigarette smoke contains compounds that are suspected to cause reproductive damage and possibly affect hormone activity; therefore, we examined hormone metabolite patterns in relation to validated smoking status. We previously conducted a prospective study of women of reproductive age (n = 403) recruited from a large health maintenance organization, who collected urine daily during an average of three to four menstrual cycles. Data on covariates and daily smoking habits were obtained from a baseline interview and daily diary, and smoking status was validated by cotinine assay. Urinary metabolite levels of estrogen and progesterone were measured daily throughout the cycles. For the present study, we measured urinary levels of the pituitary hormone follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in a subset of about 300 menstrual cycles, selected by smoking status, with the time of transition between two cycles being of primary interest. Compared with nonsmokers, moderate to heavy smokers (≥ 10 cigarettes/day) had baseline levels (e.g., early follicular phase) of both steroid metabolites that were 25–35% higher, and heavy smokers (≥ 20 cigarettes/day) had lower luteal-phase progesterone metabolite levels. The mean daily urinary FSH levels around the cycle transition were increased at least 30–35% with moderate smoking, even after adjustment. These patterns suggest that chemicals in tobacco smoke alter endocrine function, perhaps at the level of the ovary, which in turn effects release of the pituitary hormones. This endocrine disruption likely contributes to the reported associations of smoking with adverse reproductive outcomes, including menstrual dysfunction, infertility, and earlier menopause.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                xianglong1989@126.com
                ChengChen_8493@126.com
                asm.abdullah@graduate.hku.hk
                manoj.sharma@jsums.edu
                m15025428967_1@163.com
                +86 13883460842 , zhaoyongzb@qq.com , zhaoyong@cqmu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Springerplus
                Springerplus
                SpringerPlus
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                2193-1801
                26 October 2016
                26 October 2016
                2016
                : 5
                : 1
                : 1879
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
                [2 ]Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
                [3 ]Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
                [4 ]Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410001 Hunan Province China
                [5 ]Global Health Program, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, 215347 Jiangsu Province China
                [6 ]Department of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118 USA
                [7 ]Behavioral and Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS USA
                Article
                3589
                10.1186/s40064-016-3589-z
                5081986
                27833838
                fe91c2dd-c916-462f-9925-7141ad2b46c5
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 2 March 2016
                : 20 October 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002865, Chongqing Science and Technology Commission;
                Award ID: 20140047
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Uncategorized
                smoking-related knowledge,sources,influencing factors,hobby,male,secondary school students,china

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